timeline ancient history
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Updated: 28 Jan 2019
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Created byPieter de Jong
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History starts, most commonly defined as being the time we found the first scriptsGreece and ancient rome startsmodern day Greece foundedfirst people speeking "Greek"Major regions in Greece were Thessaly, Macedonia and Boeotia and the large island EuboeaCretans voyaged throughout the eastern Mediterranean and the AeganFirst writing of Cretans in linear A, not yet decipheredThe Cretans were not considered Greek but Minoans, they had big structures with many rooms, the biggest was called KnossosMinoan society was disrupted by a series of earthquakes and eruptions. parts of the islandwere collapsed in sea, also originating the story of atlantismycenaean culture develops in greeceGroups of people migrate from parts of the world to mainland Greece, spoke an early form of Greek and later called MycenaeansRecorded first use of linear B by Mycenaens, thus considering them the first real GreeksAfter peacefull contact at first Mycenaeans attacked Crete and the MinoansEnding of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizationsthe time most scholars believe Iliad and the Odyssey were composed.The epic poetry of homer being attributed to him, having a lasting impact on Greek cultureroman conquest of GreecePeriod in which polisses developped, translated city statePolis was generally surrounded by a wall and an elevated point called an acropolis, also had a marketplace called agoraDemocracy created in Athens by CleisthenesDraco published the first law code for the Athenian polis.Solon was elected chief archon of the athenian MagistratePisitrates decalred himself tyrant of the athenian polisElection with archons gets replaced by lotThe Greeks who lived in Ionia unsuccesfully rebelled against the Persian empire, with halfhearted help of the AtheniansThe persians retaliated against AthensPersian king Xerxes (485-465 b.c.e) Led a massive invasion of GreecePericles perueded Athens to exclude Megarians from trading with Athens and it's empire.First Spartan invasion of Attica. Many people sought refuge in AthensCleon became leading General of Athens and urged a more aggressive type of battlingthe Peace of Nicias was formed. and resulted in a cold warAthenians set sail to the largely neutral Melos, with the ultimatum to either joibn them or pay tribute and perish.1st and second century c.e. zealots and other jewish movements encouraged armed rebels against rome.The Jewish people of Judea believed a Messiah would come and lead them to battle victoriously9th and 10th century the church had come under control of feudal lordsThe lateran council decreed that authority and power to elect the pope laid with the college of cardinalspope Gregory decreed that all clerics that accepted money from laymen were to be excommunicatedin the 11th but also 12th and 13th century popes held the Lateran councilsPope Boniface VIII orderd all nuns to be strictly cloisteredmany bishops withdrew their allience with the pope. whilst nobles of Germany formed a bond with the popeHenry the emperor Outwitted the pope by standing in front of his castle for 3 days, being unexocommunicatedDeath of Pope Gregory, Henry invaded Italy and captured rome. (more info)Conference in Worms in which the issue of the Papal-imperial issue was settledArnold of Brescia and peter Waldo (followers were Waldensians) denounced cleric wealth12th and 13th century Cathars (more inf.)Pope Innocent III proclaimed a crusade against Albigenians.Innocent called the fourth lateral councilin the early 13th century the papal was a great succes and the pope was powerfull, end they were in violent dispute again with secular powers.Propaganda battle between papacy and french monarchythe pope made a written statement in which he declared everyone (even kings) were subject to the pope.First sign of reform from the church against laymakers taxing them, making them more independant.Cistercians in the 12th and 13th represented the new reforming spiritan increasing number of boys and men from proffesional and merchant families became monks12th and 13th century had Friars.Domingo and his bishop went on an unsuccesfull mission to win the Albigenians back to Orthodox teachingA group called the preaching friars won papal recognision as a new religious orderFransesco di Bernardone had a lot of religious followers (Fransiscans) The papacy approved of the following of the little brotherThe papacy used friars to investigate hereticsThe split between the Orthodox church of Byzantine and the Roman church of the westcrusadesSeljuk took over Palestina and defeated Arab and Byzantine armies and pillaged.Crusaders after a long Journey and lots of starvation reached Jerusalem and slaughtered the cities.The Crusaders build castles against further Muslim conquestFounding of the knight tempelarsKing Philip IV of France sought to grab wealth of the Knight tempelarsSaladin unified Egypt and Syria and retook JerusalemKing Edward I of england expelled Jews from england and confiscated their property and goods.King Philip IV of France followed Edwards example of expelling Jews from the country and confiscating their property.Roman Catholic Europe was twice the size it was in 950Otto I established the first Scandinavian dioceses firstly in DenmarkFinal phase of the war was marked by 3 major devellopmentsSparta's declariation of war against Athens and widespread revolt against the Athenian empirePersian Empire helped Sparta in the war against Athens, in return they had to get Iona backSparta destroyed Athens last shipSparta starved Athens by blockading the PolisThe kings peace, in which Sparta had to give up its empire but not its dominance in GreeceThe Brilliant and cultured Philips II ascended to the throne in MacedoniëPhilips II of Macedonië won a decisive victory over Athens and Thebes, often seen as the end of the classical periodfor nearly two centuries people were playwriting and pondering about the universe and the humans role in it. (more inf.)People were considered citizens in Athens if both parents were citizens, or exeptions, if they did something for the citySophists movementEtruscans developed in North central ItalyEtrusscans spread south in military campaignsThe year Roman authors dated the founing of rome in the epic tale of Romulus and RemusStory of lucretia and end of the monarchyNext to the king there was a hereditary aristocracy developing like in almost every governing body of the ancient world (more inf)CincinnatusRome had a major setback as the Gauls invaded Italy, destroyed the Roman army and sacked themAfter the sacking of Gaul Rome recouped and conquered Etruria.Romans turned south and fought the Samnites in a series of wars. After some loss they eventually conquered the Samnites.Pyrrus an excellent Greek general was warned about the Roman expansion. He decided to fight back. after a treaty with Carthage they won in the endThe Romans had conquered most of modern day ItalySPQRPatricians and plebiansPlebians won the right to meet in an assembley of their ownPlebians were allowed to run for QuestorsRomans created a new office, that of PraetorThe plebians refused to serve in the military and wanted more rights.Patricians surrendered their legal monopoly and published the laws of the twelfe tablesPatricians passed a law that allowed Patricians and plebians to marry eachotherThe Concilium Plebis got an equel say in the senate.Patron-client systemCarthage foundedCarthage began to expandRome and Carthage made a serie of peace treaties. that defined their spheres of influence.The Romans took advantage of the Carthagian weakness to seize Sardinia and Corsica.Hannibal, the new commander in Spain laid siege to saguntumHannibal marched the Alpes with tens of thousands of troops and a few dozen elephants.Hannibal marched into Italy defeating the Roman troops one after the other. His greatest victory claiming aroung 50.000 soldiers lifes (battle of CanneaRome put the young commander Scipio in charge.Scipio defeated Hannibal in a decisive battle at the town of Zama marking the end of the second punic warRome finally conquered Iberian peninsula after a bloody warRoman armies won significant battles against Seleudic emperors in the battle of PydnaThe Romans made Macedonia into a Roman provinceRomans attacked the city of Corinth which was part of another league of Greek city statesRome expanded its republic in the mediterraneanThe household in Rome and changes of it in the 2nd century B.CSomewhere in this century slaves and free people were allowed to have a marriage like relationship called a contuberniumBoth men and women could initiate a divorceWith the expansion in the Mediterranean Greek influence on Roman culture increasedThe habit of bathing gained popularity in Rome , a greek custom.The new land and absence of the citizens because of the warRome declared war against the rebellious JugurthaThe battle against the Germans and turning point of the armyRome was split into 2 political factionsRomans in the Italian pensilvania rose up against rome because they had to pay taxes and serve in the army but didnt get a political voiceCivil war broke loose from spain to northern Africa.Plot to undo Sulla's constitutions was discovered and the rebels were put down by CiceroInformal political alliance later called the first triumviratePompey and the senate against CeasarCaesars return to Romethe murder of Caesar by the senate called the Ides of MarchSecond TriumpvirateOctavains army defeated that of Mark Antony and Cleopatra combined at the battle of ActiumThe senate gave Octavian the name Augustus meaning revered one. this generally marks the end of the republic.How Augustus transformed himself to emperorAugustus's changes to the armyAugustus expansionYear of the four emperorsThe praetoriansRomana et AugustusThe 2 upcoming decades Rome would grow in size massively, a web of roads and sailing roads connected the vast empireSlaves in the Roman empireLate first century the gospels and record were the most copied and circulated accounts of Jesus lifeChristian officials declare that the gospels of Jesus life will form the new testament.Assembleys or congregations about JesusWhat made christianity popularThe Roman (non-believers) responseThe Christians belief that Christ would come again gragually wanedInstead of houses in which they held their assemblies they now build churchesPeople debated and philosophized about Christianity, the belief became more formal and centralized powerTurmoil of the 3rd centuryedict of MilanChristians disagreeing with eachother led to schism 4th and 5th centuryCouncil in NicaeaTheodosius made Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empireThe Christian church was considered independant from the Roman empire and the foundation for later growth had been laid.Bishops were believed to have their spiritual ancestry traced back to Jesus apostels.Patriarchs of the Christian churchPetrine Doctrinethe church started using its influence in the state more and more.The rules of saint benedictChristianity and classic cultureWomen in ChristianityChristian teaching of sexuality and live of Mani7th century, Byzantine-Greek-Christian empire and the Persian empire dominated the middle eastMost of Arabia is inhabited by the Nomads called Bedouins. They are tough fighters and control tradeLife of Arabs during and before MuhammadCharter of MedinaMuhammad and his followers moved to Medina, this was the start of the Muslim calander called the hijra.Mecca is considered the most holy city in IslamMuhammad returns to Mecca with a large armyMuhammad's third succesors set up the first Qur'an as direct words of god to MuhammadOther sayings and accounts of Muhammad were collected into books called HadithCrescent (the moslim symbol) prevailed throughout arabiaThe developments of the IslamThe five Pillars of IslamSacred stories about Muhammad written downA group of Muhammad's closest followers choose Abu Bakr as a caliph (or successor) of MuhammadAli, Mohammeds son in law was chosen 4th caliph but assassinated 5 years laterConflict between Muslims who the successor isThe Umayyad clan, as Caliphs brought stability to the growing Mulsim empire. and established their capital at Damascus SyriaThe Muslim faith continued to expand to India and west of north Africaearly tenth century muslims spoke of the mediterranian sea as a mulsim lakeMuslim forces crossed the straight of Gibraltar and easily defeated the weak Visigothic empireAllthough Christian princes helped Frankish rulers in the northern mountains the Muslims took over most of SpainThe city of CordobaMuslims thoughts of JesusTreatment of other religionsThe Caliphate was weakened and small Christian kingdoms started going southCross cultural influencesFrankish king Clovis converted to Chritianity and established a large kingdom in the former Roman Gaul.The Merovingian dynasty was divided among Clovis's 4 sonsThe governing of the Frankish kingdomWomen in the Frankish kingdomRise of power of the CarolingiansFight for the papcy supportPope declared Pippin III, Son of Charles Martel, KIng of the Franks over the Merovingians to prevent a civil warPapal, threatened again by the Lombards came to Pippin for helpGovernment of CharlemagneFamily of CharlemagneCharlemagne's monumental visit in which he got named empereor AugustusThe Papal named Charlemagne leader of the Byzantine empireIntellectual and cultural changes by CharlemagneThe finest product of Northumbrian art, the Gospel book from Lindisfarne is createdBeowulf, an epic poem based on historical events in the 5th and 6th century being createdTreaty of VerdunChaos in continental europeThree main groups invade western EuropeVikings in Western Europe. 9th centuryCharles the Bald of France had to raise seven thousand pounds of silver for the VikingsWhen the Vikings invaded paris Charles the simple bought them off with a part of Northeern France. later called NormandyThree claimants for the throne in EnglandSlavs in EuropeSouth and west Slavs created the state Moravia'sMorovian Slavs became Roman ChristiansRuler of Poland convinced the pope to set up an archbishopric thereSerbs were Orthodox Christians and Croats were Roman Chritians. This had a long standing impactBetween 5th and 9th century eastern slavs moved into what is now Russia and UkraineIbrahim Ibn Jakob 9th century9th century Vikings appaered in the land of Eastern slavsVikins finding out about the link between scandinavia and the black sea of south EuropeVikings declared themself rulers of the Eastern slavsThe loose unification of the Slavic terretories was assimilated by the Vikings called 'Kievan Rus'People in Kievan RusGroup of European steppe people known as Magyars raided villagesBattle of Lechfeldhungary 10th centuryMuslim invasions in Europe 9th centuryMuslims sacked rome10th century Frankish, Papal and Byzantine forces were able to retake the land the Muslims had captured beforeRulers in some parts of Europe began manipulating insitutions and build up their power beggining 11th centuryFeudalismFeudalism for the clergyWomen as vassalsManorialism and serfsSlavery in the early middle agesAlfred king of the west Saxons defeated the vikings and created a period of recovery and stability.Harolds army defeated that of Harald and then marched southBattle of HastingsWilliam the conquerer's planDomesday bookHugh capet became leader of the Frankish kingdom after the carolingansMost provinces of modern day France were added to Royal domainPhilip II France also set up a method of governingLay investurePeople started referring to the loose confederations of duchies, cities and bishoprics as the Holy Roman EmpireRoger II Sicily took Napals and surrounding, called the kingdom of SicilyHis absense in the crusades and campaigns in the mailnad Italy made for the papacy to choose a French successor for FrederickLaw in the HRElaw in EnglandEngland law and churchJohn of Englands cavalary suffered a majr defeat against Philip Augustine of FranceMagna CartaLaw in everyday lifeChristendomEconomic revivalRise of towns in the middle agesCharacteristic traits of medieval townsThe growing number of towns and municipalitiesParis was the largest city in Western Christian Europe, Corboda the largest city in the worldMerchants and the Guildevolvement of townsMany towns started forming craft guilds next to merchant guildsLong distance travelling11th century Italy and belgium led the West in tradetrade led to the opening of silver mines in all of europe to circulate large quantities of coinsIn italy people started formalizing their agreements with contractsVentures of the German Hanseatic league illustrates the new business ideasThe 2 difficulties with the enormous growth in tradeExchanging of bills was a normal commercial paymentCommercial revolution late 13th century untill 18th centuryCauses for the hundred year warRight of landThe throneThe 2 parties of the warPropaganda from both sidesStart of the war with French sea raidsThe war mostly consisted of sieges and cavalary raids from this point on.Battle in CrécyBattle of PoitiersThe able king Henry V invaded France at AgincourtHenry V's troups were advanced untill the walls of ParisHenry V died unexpectedly leaving infant son as heirCharles VII was crowned king at ReimsThe French kept being victorious and defeated the English at AquitaineAll of France was back, only calais remained EnglishAftermathRepresentative assembleysAssemblies held between knights and wealth residentsFrench assembleysThe Papal aswell as the Bishops posts became one of luxury and extravagance, many people were againstconciliaristLollardsHus's followers succesfully defeted the papal and the emperorGerman emperor Sigismund called for a great councilPeriods
archaic perioddark agesclassic periodhellenistic periodhelladic periodhellenic periodSparta expands and developsPolitical reforms in Archaic athenspre-Socratic develops ideas about the nature of the universe (start of philosophy)persian warsPeloponnesian WarLife of AristotleThebes with city states rules GreeceVarious kingdoms in and beyond Greece ravaged one anotherLife of Hesiod, anotherGreeks started colonizing e.a Siciliy, corsica, spain and parts of Gaul aswell as around the black sea.Delian leagueLife of PericlesSparta and Athens had a war because of the agression of Athens towards Sparta and some of its allieslife of Jesus of NazarethPope Leo XI (more imp info)pope Gregory VIIPope Urban IIPope innocent IIIPope Boniface VIIILife of HildegardClare of AssisiFirst crusadecrusading ideal was expressed in 8 papally approved expeditionsThird crusade4th crusadeKing Olaf II of Norway spread Christianity fromEngland to Norway, Finland, Sweden and Iceland.Queen Margarete united the crowns of Denmark, Sweden, finland and denmark in the union of Kalmarlife of An aristocrate, kingsman of Pericles and student of SocratesSparta fought Persian Armies for Iona, which they promised to return if Persia helpedSparta launched an unprovoked attack on Athens and Thebeslife of Aeschyluslife of Sophocleslife of Socrateslife of platoThe Monarchial periodThe Roman republicThe Roman empireAncestors of Romans start to settle on the hill east of the Tiberthe Licinian-Sextian lawsStruggle of the ordersFirst punic warsecond Punic warThird Punic warLife of EnniusLife of Marcus Cato or Cato the elderLife of Scipio Aemilianus (grandson of Scipio)The Turmoil of the late RepublicLife of Tiberius GracchusLife of Gaius GracchusLife of Gaius MariusLucius cornelius Sullalife of PompeyLife of Marcus CrassusMarcus Tullius CiceroGaius Julius CeasarBattle between ptolemy and Cleopatra and Caesars RoleLife of Mark AntonyLife of 'Gaius Octavius Thurinus' or AugustusThe Julio-ClaudiansVespasian and the FlaviansThe five good emperorsPax RomanaGolden age of latin literatureVirgilOvidpaul of TarsusLife of ConstantineLate antiquityBishop Ambrose of MilanPontificate Pope Leo I (the great)Pontficate Gregory I (the great)life of Saint Anthony and the beginning of Monastic lifeLive of PachomiusBenedict of NursiaLife of Saint JeromeSaint Augustine of HippoLife of Prophet MuhammadLife of Abd al-RahamPeriod many scholars believe to be one of harmony between religionsLife of Charles the Great or CharlemagneLife of Clovis IThe Merovingians 'Dark ages'Life of queen BrunhildaLife of Charles MartelLife of BonifaceLife of Pippin IIILife of Alcuin30 year war against SaxonsNew cultural tradition emerged focossed on Christian sourcesScholar Venerable BedeLife of Benet BischopLife of saint HildaRule of Louis the piousNormans seizing Sicily from the MuslimsViking control of northern Europe reached its zenithVarangian (Greek and Rus name for Viking) Ruler Oleg established his residence at KievRule of Géza and Spehan IGreat aristocrat families increased their authority in regions of interestAnglo saxons and their battle with VikingsRule of Alfred of WessexRule of the Viking CanuteRule of Williams son Henry I Englandlive of Henry IILife of Philip II, grandson of Louis VIGerman king Otto IHoly Roman Empire was wrecked by civil warRule of Frederick Barabossa HREFrederick HRE, made six millitary expeditions to the wealthy north of ItlayLife of Roger Hauteville SicillyRule of Frederick II of SicilyPower in Iberiun penisula shifted from Muslim to Christian rulersRule of Louis IX FranceRule of Richard I the lion hearted EnglandRule of John (was it really just John lol)Europe enjoyed a steadily increasing volume of international trade.Hundred year warFrench fought back against the English and won back some teretoryJean d'ArcThe church became less of a place for consilationPope Clement VBabylon captivityReign of Philip IVPope Urban VIThe great Schismlife of William of Occam French friarMariglo of Padua ItalyJan Hus
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