APUSH Timeline

Reform Movements (for the poor & religous motive, school, farmers) **reform movements for the poor had mixed results (middle class forcing their culture onto immigrants)

Events

REFORM MOVEMENT FOR THE POOR: “Progress and Poverty” (1879) & “Looking Back: 2000-1887” (1888) - attack laissez-faire policies & leader many to demand more govt regulation New York Charity Organization (1882) & Moral-Purity Campaign (around 1860s - 1900) - focus on improving the morality of the urban poor YMCA (1851) & YWCA (1858) - give the poor alternative learning environment (stress morality as well)"How the Other Half Lives" - Jacob Riis (1890) - depicts the poor in NYC tenement house, exposes the poor conditions —> a big influence in reforms during Progressive era Settlement House Movement (late 19th century) & Hull House founded by Jane Adams (1889) - creates social centers in poo urban areas * Settlement houses were community centers established in urban areas to provide social services, education, and support to immigrant & the poor.RELIGIOUS STUFF: Social Gospel (1880s) - Protestant religious movement which ties salvation into public works (ending poverty, supporting unions and public schools) Temperance Movement: WCTU, Antisaloon League(1893), Carrie Nation (temperance activist) * 21 states close down all saloons by 1916 Compulsory Education Laws (mid-19th) - school attendance is mandatory Creation of kindergarten leads to a 90% literacy rate by 1900 * Tax supported public HIGHSCHOOLS created Farmer's Alliance Movement (late 1870s) - farmers organize in groups & become more politically active - demand more govt involvement in regulating railroads, trusts, & banks —> Populist Party

Imperialism stuff (Spanish American War)

Events

"New Imperialism" (starting 1880s) - drive for Ame. expansion fades after the Civil War but revived during this time (Alaska, Japan) - Business leaders claim that overseas market are needed to increase econ. prosperity *book: THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY by Alfred T. Maham —> influences govt to focus on controlling foreign ports (building of New Navy) ++ many in US are against imperialism (goes agaisnt the Declaration of Independence & Const.)Spanish American War (1898) - conflict bet/ US & Spain *cause: Cuban struggle for independence from Spain (1895)* - YELLOW JOURNALISM made Americans sympathize for Cuban rebels —> ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas —> resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. *acquired sovereignty over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, & established a protectorate over Cuba. —> effect of all this: US gained an empire

Progressivism **diff. from Antebellum Era b/c highly edcuated ppl are liked here

Events

Taylorism (associate w/ the Progressive Era, 1920s)Pragmatism (also associate w/ Progressivism) - during this time, challeneges established fixed norms like laissez-faire & Social Darwinsim Secret Ballot (during Gilded Age) - allow voters to vote in private booth —> nominate candidates instead of political bosses

Periods

Progressive Era (1890s - 1920s) - wide range of response to industrialization, immigration, urbanization, & concentration of corporate power —> wide range of ppl, BUT common desire of improve life in the industrial age CHANGE: diff. view in govt (a more active role) - believe big business is out of control, needs to be regulated (COUNTERS laissez-faire) MAIN STRENGTH: professional WAPSs from urban middle class (doctors, lawyers, ministers, white collar workers, & women too ofc)

Grouping

Muckrakers (investigative journalists who promote soicla & political reforms by exposing corruption & trusts

Events

The Jungle (1905) - by Upton Sinclair - exposes abuses in the meatpacking industry Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) - The Jungle caused Congress to pass these The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) - by Ida Tarbell - criticizes trusts The Shame of the Cities (1904) - by Lincoln Steffens - criticizes machine politics

Women During the Progressive Era

Events

National American Woman Suffrage Association [NAWSA] (1890) - aimed to secure women's right to vote in the US **leader: Carrie Chapman Catt - important for women's suffrage (campaigned for the 19th Amendment)National Women's Party (1916) -forms by Alice Paul - supports a more militant approach for women's suffrage (picketing, hunger strikers)19th Amendment (ratified in 1920) - grants women the right to vote Margaret Sanger - advocate for use of BIRTH CONTROL (beginning of Planned Parenthood - 1916) time period: 1900s

AA During the Progressive Era

Events

!!Progressive ≠ Civil Rights!! most progressives only focus on improving conditions for whites; they ignore AA & support Jim Crow - # of AA lynched by whites mobs increase 2 versions for AA to gain equality: Brooker T. Washington - accomodate racism untill AA gain econ status W.E.B Du Bois - pushes for full political, econ, & social equality The Niagara Movement (1905) Du bois & others meet in Nigara Falls to dicuss how to secure equality —> forms the NAACP in 1908 NAACP (1908) - formed from the Niagara Movement - uses the court system to achieve equality & justice for AA

New Era in 1920s

Events

After war, US had a minor recession BUT is followed by tremendous growth throughout the decade - Manufacturing increases 64& bet/ 1919 & 1929 - cause: *increase productivity (ASSEMBLY LINE) *energy tech (ELECTRICITY) *govt policy (TAX CUTS, DEREGULATION) —> increased CONSUMERISM (vacuums, record players, automobiles, refrigerators, radios)Cultural Clashes in the 20s: * Modernism (more critical view of religions) VS Fundamentalism (strict, literal religious beliefs) * "Generation Gap" bet/ parents & children; traditional thought got challenged * "Lost Generation" speak against the materialism & conformity amongst the middle class & reflect disillusionment —> rejection of traditional American values authors: F. Scott Fitsgerald & Sinclair Lewis (Babbit)Jazz Age (1920s) - inspired by AA b/c of Great Migration - popular amongst ubran youth (a way to rebel against parents)Women in 1920s: * Flappers - wears bobbed hair, short skirts, smoke cigs, drink (symbolizes new freedom) * Margaret Sanger continues to advocate for the spread of birth control w/ "the pill" (illegal in US) !! 19th amendment not much impact b/c women vote like husbands/fathers * Divorce rate increase (1 in 6); laws allow women to divorce easier !!Feminist movement declines (19th amend, flappers, differing goals, decline of Progressivism)Harlem Renaissance (1918–mid-1930s) - an outpouring of AA artistic & literacy creativity in NYC - poets like Langston Hughes express a range of emotions from bitterness & resentment TO joy & hope - Focus on Black Pride, Black econ development, Black sepreatism, Black nationalism, & Pan-Africanism

US enters WWI (1917)

Events

War Industries Board (WIB) (1917) - coordinates military purchasingm ensures production efficiency, & provides weapons & supplies to military TOTAL WAR Fuel Administration (1917) - control coal output & regulates fuel prices & consumption TOTAL WAR Food Administration (1917) - oversees the production & allocation of wheat, meat, & sugar TOTAL WAR Railroad Administration (1917) - federal govt takes control of railroads to increase efficiency *evidence for TOTAL WAR War Bonds to raise money National War Labor Board (NWLB) (1918) - mediate disputes bet/ workers & employees Committee on Public Information (CPI) (1917) - help "sell" the war to the American public (headed by journalists)

Leading up to WWI

Events

Lusitania (British passenger ship) sunk in 1915 - sunk by a German sub. - 128 Americans dead —> caused anti-German sentiments Zimmermann telegram (1917) - German foreign minister offers Mexico land they hod lost to the US if the join the war Alliance System - Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy) - Triple Entente (France, Britain, & Russia)Rep. in the East argue for "PREPAREDNESS" (more money for defense)

US Interventionism

Events

Open Door Policy (1899) - after S.A War in 1898; there's an increase in US global involvement - US corporations want access to overseas markets to sell their goods context of this policy: European powers & Japan were establishing spheres of influence, threatening U.S. commercial interests —> John Hay pushes for Open Door to protect US trade Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) - Anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian sentiments in China - US sent troops in China to support Europe to defeat the Chinese Big Stick Diplomacy (1901-1909) - by Roosevelt - U.S. preventing European intervention in Latin America Roosevelt Corollary (1904) - means "addition" to the Monroe Doctrine - if there's any beef bet/ SA & EU, go to US, then US will handle it Great White Fleet (1907-1909) -show American naval power, promote diplomacy, & assert US as a major world naval force

Effects of WWI

Events

The Great Migration - AAA migrates north to ciites b/c of wartime jobs Sedition Act of 1918 - an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917 - punish ppl who do nto support the war effort (can't talk bad abt govt and war)League of Nations (1920) - proposed by Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points - Senate refused to join the League Anti German hysteria transforms into anti-Communism hysteria : Red Scare xenophobia Palmer Raids (check ppl & raid w/out warrant)National Origins Act (1924) - a 2% quota system based on 1890 # - impacts Southern & Eastern Europeans the most Return of the KKK (1920s) - changes during 1920s to include racist ideology abt Jews, Catholics, & all foreigners and anti-AA (just anyone thats not WASP)Dawes Plan (1924) - US gives loans to Germany, then use that to pay reparations to France and Britain, —> easing econ burden on Germany & promoting stability in Europe

New Deal federal programs stuff

Events

National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933) - helps business set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, & prices of finished goods && LEGALIZING UNIONS CAP to Wagner Act Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - establishes a jobs program for unemployed youth Public Works Administration (PWA) (1933) - gives federal money to states & cities to build roads, bridges, clams (creates jobs)Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933) - builds clams & provides cheap electricity in poor regions

restore public confidence in banking system

Events

Bank Holiday (1933) - closed all U.S. banks for four days - To stop the panic-driven withdrawal of money during the Great Depression Emergency Bank Act (1933) - authorized a four-day bank holiday, allowed federal inspection of banks, & permitted only sound banks to reopen Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - provide insurance for bank deposits

Wartime Mobilization

Events

War Production Board (WPB) (1942) - convert peacetime industries into war production facilities - produce goods for military War Manpower Commission (WMC) (1942) - supervise the mobilization of males and females in the military (DRAFT) & the war industry - study how profit can be gained through the production of weapons and supplies National War Labor Board (NWLB) (again in 1942) - mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes that could hinder the production of war materials Office of War Information (OWI) (1942) - sells the war to the Ame. public Office of Price Administration (OPA) (1941) - establishes a nationwide rationing system for consumer goods (coffee, gasoline) TOTAL WAR Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) - hires scientists to improve technologies (radar, sonar, penicillin, rockets)

things related to Japan during WWII

Events

Pearl Harbor (1941)Manhattan Project (1942) - a research and development program undertaken during World War II to produce the first nuclear weapons.Hiroshima & Nagasaki Bombing (1945) - effect: Japan surrenders

Periods

Internment of Japanese Americans (1942 - 1946)

leading up to WWII

Events

Neutrality Acts (1935 - 1937) - a series of neutrality acts, making it illegal to sell or trde w/ nations at war Most Americans support an isolationist stand (feeling on WWI, the economy) ++ A US Sen. researched a lot on WWI & found that US joined WWI b/c of money —> Ame. public mad —> more isolation FDR's Quarantine Speech (1937) - suggesting that peace-loving nations unite to quarantine (economically isolate) aggressive nations * specifically targeting Japan's invasion of China. **neg. response w/ American public, they dont wanna get involved

more New Deal impactful stuff

Events

New Deal legislation makes an environmental impact (laws to PREVENT SOIL EROSION & creation of more NATIONAL PARKS)Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 - halts the sale of tribal lands & enables tribes to regain titles to unclaimed lands —> a move AWAY from DAWES ACT of 1887 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 - guarantees min. wage, 40hr work week, restricts child labor

2nd New Deal (starting 1935)

Events

Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935) - provides relief & supplies jobs (roads, buildings, the arts)Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) (1935) - legalizes unions & allows them to strike Social Security Act of 1935

Domestic stuff

Events

Taft-Hartley Act (1947) - overrides the Wagner Act (outlaws closed shops, allows pres to delay strikes)National Highway Act (1956) - authorizes construction of 42,000 miles of highways !! Why Eisenhower support this when he wants to reduce spending? -> it links all major cities in US, creates jobs, accelerate the growth of suburbs ++ hurts railroad b/c switch to trucking

Cold War stuff

Events

NATO (1949)Warsaw Pact (1955)Marshall Plan (1948 - 1951) - Sec. of State George Marshall begins a plan to give econ aid to any country to asks for it to rebuild after the war; 12 billion sent to Europe Arms Race (throughout Cold War) - military & weapons competition Berlin Blockade (1948-1949) - Stalin blockades West Berlin b/c it's well within the Soviet territory —> US flies supplies into West Berline for a year (BERLIN AIRLIFT)National Defense Education Act (1958) - after Sputnik (earth-orbiting satellite) launched in 1957, US spent more on education (math, science, foreign language) to catch up w/ USSR —> this act NASA (1958) - created as a response to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Periods

Korean War (1950-1953) *1ST WAR TO HAVE AA FIGHTING IN DESEGREGATED UNITS US Containment (throughout Cold War)

Great Society

Events

Civil Rights Act of 1964 - prohibited discrimination in public places - provided for the integration of schools & other public facilities, - made employment discrimination illegal Voting Rights Act of 1965 - outlawed literacy tests War of Poverty (1964) - LBJ declared before Congress an “unconditional war on poverty in America.” —> foodstamps, & Head Start (provide low-income preschool children with education, health, & nutritional services, preparing for school readiness)Medicare and Medicaid (1965)Immigration Act of 1965 - abolishes the quotas on nation origins

Civil Rights Movement

Events

Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka (1954) - desegregate schools - declared the “separate but equal” doctrine unconstitutional - cause ish: classroom for AA is worse than whites (underfunded, outdated books, etc..)Little Rock Nine (1957) - yk what happen - one of effects: Eisenhower sends in federal troops to enforce desegregation in Little Rock Civil Rights Commission (1957) - protect voting rights of AA Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) - influenced by Rosa Parks - worked! leads to an intergrated bussing system Martin Luther King Jr. & nonviolent civil disobedience Sit-in Movement (1960)MLK leads a nonviolent movement in Birmingham AL in 1963 - King & other protestors are arrested —> MLK writes LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL (argues that citizens have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws)Black Power Movement (gain attention in 1966) - advocates for Black sepreation & Black econ development (more militant than MLK) - leaders: Malcom X, Stokely Carmichael, & Huey Newton

Women's Rights Movement (2nd wave surged in the 1960s-70s)

Events

The Sexual Revolution (peak in 1960s) - advocate for greater sexual freedom - questioning of traditional norms - characterized by a shift in attitudes towards sex, including the acceptance of premarital sex, the use of birth control, and a push for LGBTQ+ rights *deeply intertwined with the broader youth culture of the 1960s National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966) - challenged sex discrimination in the work place "The Pill" goes on market in 1960 - resulted from Griswold v. Connecticut —> gives women more sexual freedom Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 - Prohibits creditors from discriminating against any applicant regarding any aspect of a credit transaction (loan, credit card) —> credit decisions be based on financial factors like income, debt, and credit history, NOT personal characteristics - women dont need men to cosign when apply for credit card

Chicanos Push for Civil Rights

Events

United Farm Workers (1966) context: - Cesar Chavez becomes leader in the migrant farm community; wants econ opportunities for migrant workers —> creates the United Farm Workers to protect migrant workers rights & increase pay MEChA (1969) - Chicano students organize this to celebrate Chicano heritage & push for more bilingual education & more Latino teachers

NA Push for Civil Rights

Events

American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968) - established to protect the traditions of NA - emerged to address issues of police brutality, systemic poverty, and discrimination against NA in urban areas, later expanding to advocate for treaty rights and tribal sovereignty Younger NA call for… "Red Power" (1960s-70s) - Indigenous activist campaign in the U.S. that demanded self-determination, treaty rights, and cultural recognition, challenging systemic injustice "fish-ins" (1960s) - fish in rivers that were once their tribe's river **these gained media attention and allow for these issues to be addressed CAP to now, minority groups are still oppressed and things are not that much better

Vietnam

Events

Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964) one big point: North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. destroyer —> used by LBJ to justify further involvement in VN (TONKIN GUIL RESOLUTION in 1964) - authorizes LBJ to take all necessary measures to prevent any further agression —> gives LBJ a "black check" to escalate the war … it is never declared an official war by Congress *LBJ drops 3x more bombs in North VN 1965-1968 than all the combatants of WWII combined (fuck him)Tết Offensive (1968) - North Vietnam forces attack 27 cities in South VN - Vietcong retreat after suffering heavy losses —> undermines LBJ's credibility & less public support for war —> "CREDIBILITY GAP"Vietnamization Plan (began in 1969) - created by Nixon - US gradually pulls out troops & train the SV to fight for themselves US & NV sign for Paris Peace Accords in 1973 - US troops leave, NV releases Prisoners of War - officially the Agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Viet-Nam

Other Domestic Developments

Events

Television (big in late 1900s) - mass culture Title IX (1972)Roe v. Wade (1973)Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) - exposed harmful effects of indiscriminate pesticide use, particularly DDT, on the environment and human health, - sparking modern environmental movement

Young ppl doing great stuff

Events

Students for a Democratic Society (1960) - advocate for radical social change to combat racism, poverty, and the Vietnam War Free Speech Movement (1964) - student-led protest at the UC Berkeley, demanding the right to campus political activity and free speech - since the Youth Movement embrance violent & vandalism in their attacks —> discredites the Free Speech Movement in the eyes of older Americans "March Against Death" (1969) - a massive protest to end VN War - 25,000 protestors march on Washington DC in opposition to the war; 1.5 million students shut down 1,200 campuses **WATCH ABT IT Stonewall Riots (1969) - bars were being raided just b/c there are gay ppl - the riots is a series of spontaneous riots and demonstrations against a police raid **WATCH ABT IT

Cultural Development in 1980s

Events

Young Urban Professionals (Yuppies) (1980s) - focus on material gain, fitness, & moving to urban areas (GENTRIFICATION)"Glass Ceiling" - women still lag behind in pay & status in workplace in 1980s bghyuyyjhjn Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) - intended to guarantee equal legal rights regardless of sex. **passed Congress in 1972 - it is supported by many states BUT not by the # needed to become law Gay Rights Movement continues BUT stalls due to Aids epidemic Conservative Backlash continues (anti-gay, anti-women's rights, anti-assisstance of the poor)Environmentalism Movement broadens (Earth Day, protests against nuclear energy)TV Evangelists (Pat Robertson) push a pro-life, pro-family, pro-moral agenda; become much more politically active -> Moral Majority (different b/c it's a religious group thats politically active; get donation money & donate to conservative political campaign) -> Focus on the Family (promote conservative Christian family values on TVs)