Native American History
Category: History
Updated: 1 months ago
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Created byAvalon Hinchman
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Homo Erectus leaves AfricaHomo Sapiens emerge in East AfricaHomo Sapiens leave AfricaAncient Siberian population emerges in NE SiberiaAncient Beringians become genetically isolatedIce recedes from Alaskan coastClovis points appear throughout NA and SAAnzick-1 dies in Montana, buried with Clovis artifactsThe Inuit (new Beringian people) begin a coastal migration into Canadian ArcticAthabaskans (Navajo ancestors) migrate from Canadian Arctic into American SWHumans begin cultivating wild plants in the American West and MidwestCeremonial mounds constructed at Poverty PointAncestral Chumash begin cultivating marine resourcesAncestral Chumash develop fish weirs/traps, tidal holding ponds, pit storageDomesticated form of maize arrives in the American SWTransition to nutritional dominance of maizeAncient Puebloans build Chaco CanyonChaco Canyon declinesCahokia is constructed along the MississippiPalisade wall built around CahokiaCahokia declinesElites buried in Mound 72 (Cahokia complex)50 human sacrifices buried in Mound 72Boy sacrificed at Casas GrandesFort Ancient agriculturalists construct the Great Serpent MoundAlgonquian speakers migrate to the W and S from the Lake Ontario regionIroquoian speakers migrate N from CarolinaPowhatan initiates war of conquest in the Chesapeake Bay regionAlgonquian speakers arrive in New EnglandHumans begin cultivating grains in W EurasiaAnatolian farmers disperse throughout EuropeHeight of Uruk, S MesopotamiaCorded Ware culture invade Europe and W AsiaBow and arrow invented in EurasiaMammal and grain subsistence begins in EurasiaWheeled vehicles invented in EurasiaEurasian populations begin making iron toolsFirst alphabetic writing system developed in EurasiaLateen sailboats invented in EurasiaRomans begins expanding throughout the W MedE cult of Christianity becomes an imperial institution, following conversion of Emperor ConstantineIslam emerges in ArabiaProtestant ReformationIslamic Empires completely control Iberian PeninsulaBubonic Plague sweeps through N EuropeConstantinople falls to Ottoman EmpireSpanish conquistadors establish province of La Florida at St. AugustineSpanish conquistadors establish New MexicoNE Algonquians engage with European marinersEuropean traders introduce smallpox to NE Algonquian communitiesChief Powhatan invites the Jamestown community to relocate closer to his capital, they declineThe English give Powhatan a crown, declare him a vassal of the English kingMassasoit agrees to a mutual defense pact with the PilgrimsPocahontas marries John RolfeVA Company obtains a charter to establish a conversion schoolTobacco cultivation begins at JamestownThe Powhatans attack VA settlementsPequot WarJohn Eliot persuades Massachusetts to settle in a Praying Town along the Charles RiverSmallpox epidemic sweeps through Haudenosaunee territoryHaudenosaunee launch attacks against Iroquois and Algonquian groups in the central GL (Mourning Wars)Great TreatyTreaty of HartfordTreaty ended the Anglo-Powhatan WarVA prohibits further colonial expansion into Native tributary lands, but not new territoriesFrench invade E IroquoiaColony of NY is establishedNorthern Neck Algonquians kill several settlersMen from the Doeg tribe raid English towns on the Northern Neck, settlers seeking revenge mistakenly attack the Susquehannock (incites Bacon's Rebellion)Bacon's rebels burn JamestownEnglish warships arrive to put down Bacon's RebellionJohn Sassamon warns the English of King Philip's plan to attackKing Philip attacks Swansea, war breaks out across NETreaty of Middle PlantationRio Grande Pueblo missions revoltSpanish rule is reestablished in the PueblosGerman settlers in Pottstown fire on Shawnee war partiesThe Walking PurchaseNE Indigenous Peoples living behind the frontier become largely dependent on imported material goodsWhaling operations begin moving offshore in NE with largely Native crewsAt least one person in nearly all Native households in NE experienced indentureFirst Great Awakening begins in NEIndigenous groups begin forming New Light revivalist churchesE Shoshone/Ute group become known as the ComancheComanche begin raiding Spanish missionsSettlers begin squatting in CarolinaCharles Town is established as a proprietary colonyCarolina traders buy Indigenous slaves from the WestosThe Westos are enslaved in a series of Shawnee raidsCarolina traders ally with Chickasaw slave raidersSpanish report enslavement of nearly all mission IndiansFrench establish Arkansas PostFrench establish tobacco plantations at NatchezFrench seize land along the Mississippi and nearly annihilate the NatchezGerman immigrants begin establishing missions along PA frontierTreaty of LancasterIroquois conduct raids in Ohio without Haudenosaunee authorizationOhio Company chartered in VAOhio Company sends an exploratory venture into Ohio River ValleyFrench arrest all British traders they can locate in OhioFrench establish Fort DuquesneGeneral Braddock marches on Fort Duquesne, suffers crushing defeat (essentially beginning of Seven Years' War)British surrender to the French at Fort William HenryTreaty of EastonBritish capture LouisburgBritish take Quebec (effectively ending Seven Year's War)Treaty of ParisJeffrey Amherst declares end to gift-givingMaster of Life visits Delaware prophet Neolin (inspires Pontiac's Rebellion)Pontiac besieges Detroit (Pontiac's Rebellion)Paxton Boys attack Conestoga TownRoyal Proclamation of 1763Treaty of Fort StanwixTreaty of Hard LaborVA militiamen defeat ShawneeJefferson appeals to the ShawneeCouncil fire at Onondaga extinguishedSeneca raid NY and PA frontiersWashington authorizes Sullivan's invasion of W NYTreaty of Fort PittChristian Indian allies slaughtered by the PA militia at GnadenhuttenOneida forced to relocate due to land encroachmentArticles of Confederation ratifiedTreaty of ParisSpanish Franciscans establish mission communities throughout coastal CaliforniaSpanish NM ally with the ComancheSecond Treaty of Fort StanwixFort McIntosh TreatyNorthwest Confederacy is formedNorthwest OrdinanceConstitution is ratifiedTrade and Intercourse ActTreaty of GrenvilleQuakers begin building model farms and instructing Indigenous Peoples in pasturing/plowingLonghouse Religion spreads in IroquoiaBritish explorer James Cook lands on Vancouver Island, trades with Salish peopleSmallpox epidemic kills thousands in Mexico City, spreads N through the interiorLouisiana PurchaseTreaty of HopewellGA surrenders W land claims to CongressTecumseh preaches pan-Indigenous unity to the CreekAndrew Jackson defeats Red Sticks at Battle of Horseshoe BendCherokee adopt a written constitution, independent judiciary, supreme court, principal chief, two house legislatureGA condemns success of the civilizing programGA creates the Georgia GuardIndian Removal ActJohnson v. McIntoshCherokee Nation v. GeorgiaWorcester v. GeorgiaTreaty of New EchotaTrail of TearsIndiana becomes a stateIllinois becomes a stateBattle of Bad Axe RiverNY purchases nearly all of Oneida & Onondaga territoryNY purchases 3/4 of remaining Onondaga territory without federal authorizationTreaty of CanandaiguaOneida petition the US for a tract of land in WisconsinCherokee authors of the Treaty of New Echota are murderedCherokee establish free public schoolsCreeks adopt a national councilMexico invites American settlers into NE province of TejasCaddo agree to remove from NE region of TejasAmerican settlers in Tejas revolt, establish Republic of TexasMass migration W beginsTreaty of Fort LaramieUS establishes Upper & Lower Sioux AgenciesMinnesota Territory encourages miscegenation among the SiouxOregon Territory createdGold discovered in CAMexico abolishes Spanish MissionsCalifornia becomes a stateAct for the Government and Protection of IndiansCA gov sanctions extermination policyMormons found isolated colony in MexicoMormons kill several dozen UtesSouthern state secede (beginning of Civil War)Battle of Honey SpringsAmid chaos of the Civil War, annuities aren't dispersed at the Lower Sioux AgencySand Creek MassacreUS formally condemns Sand Creek MassacreTeton Sioux refuse to grant right-of-passage to minersSioux defeat US ArmyMedicine Lodge Creek TreatyPresident Grant appoints Ely Parker to Commissioner of Indian AffairsCongress declares end to treaty-makingUS permits hunters/skinners to move from Upper to Lower PlainsEarly conservationists advocate for a bill prohibiting non-Indigenous people from killing buffaloCheyenne and Comanche attack Buffalo hunting campPresident Grant prohibits entry to the Black HillsSioux reject offer to sell Black Hills to the USPresident Grant authorizes military campaign against the Sioux (The Great Sioux War)US seizes Black Hills, but the Sioux aren't removedIndian Rights Association is foundedGhost Dance spreads across the PlainsWounded Knee MassacreDawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act)Congress authorizes heirs to sell inherited allotments without approval of Secretary of the InteriorThe Burke ActCongress carves Oklahoma Territory out of W Indian TerritoryThe Curtis ActOklahoma becomes a stateNative men from Lower Plains tribes imprisoned at Fort Marion, FloridaPratt founds Carlisle Indian Industrial School in PAIndian Agency prohibits use of Indigenous languages in educationCongress authorizes compulsory schooling for Native AmericansSuperintendent of Indian Schools overhauls curriculum to emphasize industrial/agricultural training over academic subjectsCarlisle closes after US Army reclaims the building as a barracksTammany Society founded in PhillyImproved Order of Red Men founded on the Tammany modelImmigration Restriction ActSmithsonian tasked with assembling Centennial exhibitsBuffalo Bill launches Buffalo Bill's Wild WestNational Indian Memorial groundbreaking ceremonyLeague of Woodcraft Indians established in ConnBureau of American Ethnology established by CongressFranz Boas introduces concept of cultural relativism, argues against cultural/racial hierarchiesNative American delegates attend the First Universal Race ConferenceSociety of American Indians is foundedOklahoma Territory attempts to ban peyoteOklahoma grants a state charter incorporating the Native American Church and providing legal protection for peyote use in its religious contextSociety of American Indians denounces peyote use and calls for federal banSelective Service ActNew federal guidelines issued defining Native citizenship for draft purposesChoctaw soldiers pioneer the use of their language as "code talkers"Indian Citizenship ActRobert Yellowtail challenges SAI platform before the Senate Committee on Indian AffairsMost allotted land owned or leased by white farmersThe Meriam ReportStock Market CrashCharles Rhoads appointed as Commissioner of Indian AffairsIndian Reorganization ActIndian Division of the Civilian Conservation Corps is foundedIndian Office initiates compulsory stock reduction on the Navajo reservationIndian Arts and Crafts Board is foundedThe American Indian Federation opposes the IRATribal governments pass resolutions pledging loyalty to the US, should it choose to enter WW2Ex Parte GreenOffice of Indians Affairs budget slashed as wartime expenses mountSenate Report 310Poverty returns to the reservation at end of WW2Senate forms the Indian Claims CommissionVoluntary Relocation ProgramPublic Law 280Menominee v. United StatesFederal gov constructs Kinzua Dam on Allegheny River, PANational Indian Youth Council formsAmerican Indian Movement is foundedBIA creates the Indian Adoption ProjectIndigenous youth occupy Alcatraz IslandAIM members occupy BIA building in D.C.AIM leaders take over Wounded KneeIndian Self-Determination and Education ActIndian Child Welfare ActSenate publishes report declaring official end to gov assault on Indigenous cultures and languagesAmerican Indian Higher Education Consortium is foundedPresidential Advisory Commission on Indian Reservation EconomiesCouncil of Energy Resource Tribes formsIndian Mineral Development ActAlaska Native Claims Settlement ActClean Water Act amended to allow tribes to act as administrators of federally-funded water quality management programsCalifornia v. Cabazon Band of Mission IndiansIndian Gaming Regulatory ActNative American Graves Protection and Repatriation ActPeriods
Last Glacial MaximumLaurentide ice sheet decouples from Cordilleran ice sheetHumans leave footprints in New MexicoBow is introduced and spreads throughout NAClassical Mesoamerican PeriodThe Adena culture begins interring elites in conical moundsThe Hopewell culture develops more elaborate mortuary sites and ritual practicesHopewell culture replaced by more intense agriculturalistsIroquoian villages in NY begin to coalesce into larger fortified settlementsInter-village warfare between Iroquoian groups intensifiesOyster cultivators in SC form midden islandsCultivators in Fertile Crescent settle in permanent communitiesChristians attempt to expel Muslims from Jerusalem, but failIberians reconquer the Peninsula, expelling or forcibly converting MuslimsSeries of Jesuit missions established among the HaudenosauneeFighting between French-Indigenous allies and English settlers in the Northern BorderlandsWar in CarolinaAlgonquians lead backcountry raids on English settlementsWarfare between the British and CherokeeShawnee intermittently raid VA frontier townsBritish attempt to convince Indigenous Peoples to ally in the coming Revolutionary WarCherokee raiders attack SC and GA frontierBritish allies raid Ohio and Kentucky frontiersU.S. approaches Indigenous diplomacy as conquerorsLittle Turtle's WarFur trade fuels warfare between coastal tribes in the NWDelaware, Shawnee, Ojibwe, Potawatomi agree to remove beyond the MississippiSeries of removalsSioux dispersal upsets balance of power on the PlainsUS begins pressuring Indigenous groups in S Oregon to confine to smaller rangesSpanish Influenza ravages Indian Boarding School studentsNY Times publishes almost 1,000 editorials related to Native AmericansThe Progressive EraNative soldiers serve in integrated unitsNative tribes engage in environmental litigation
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