From Luther’s Death to the Princes’ Revolt (1546–1552) (jan 1, 1546 – jan 1, 1552)

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After Luther died in 1546, Emperor Charles V tried to force the Protestant territories back into the Catholic Church. He defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League in 1547 and began tightening control, arresting leaders, and pushing new rules that threatened the princes’ power and religious freedom.

Over the next few years, resentment grew, and by 1552 the Lutheran princes—led by Maurice of Saxony—rose up in revolt, catching Charles off guard and breaking his hold on the empire

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