The Armenian Genocide: 1.5 million (jan 1, 1915 – jan 1, 1923)

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The Armenian Genocide was carried out by the Ottoman Empire (Committee of Union and Progress/Young Turks government, 1915-1918) and subsequently by Turkish Nationalist forces (1918-1923) against the Armenian people between April 24, 1915 and 1923 (end of Ottoman Empire and establishment of Republic of Turkey), with an estimated death toll between 664,000 (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum conservative estimate) and 1.5 million (widely cited figure by historians and Armenian sources).

The Ottoman Empire also engaged in forced deportations and death marches to the Syrian desert, systematic mass executions, forced labor battalions (with extremely high mortality rates), starvation and dehydration campaigns, concentration camps, rape and sexual slavery, forced conversion to Islam, abduction of women and children, confiscation of property, torture, village destruction, and cultural annihilation including the murder of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders.

It has been labeled as genocide by 34 countries as of 2025 (including the United States - Congress 2019, President Biden 2021, France 2001, Germany 2016, Russia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Netherlands, Greece, Cyprus, Uruguay - first country in 1965, and others), the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (Whitaker Report 1985), the European Parliament (1987, 2015), the Council of Europe, all 50 U.S. state legislatures, the Catholic Church, and the overwhelming consensus of genocide scholars and historians worldwide.

The Turkish government continues to deny that the events constituted genocide, though Turkey and Azerbaijan are the only countries that actively deny the Armenian genocide.

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