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The French Revolution
Category:
Other
Updated:
17 Nov 2022
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Claire the Bread Fascist
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Events
Day of the Tiles in Grenoble, first revolt against the king
Assembly of Vizille, assembly of the Estates- General of Dauphiné
The royal treasury is declared empty, and the Parliament of Paris refuses to reform the tax system or loan the Crown more money
The treasury suspends payments on the debts of the government
Brienne resigns as Minister of Finance, and is replaced by the Swiss banker Jacques Necker, popular with the Third Estate
Over the opposition of the nobles, Necker announces that the representation of the Third Estate will be doubled, and that nobles and clergymen will be eligible to sit with the Third Estate
The Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes his famous pamphlet, "What is the Third Estate?"
King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General
Riots in Paris by workers of the Réveillon wallpaper factory in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine
Presentation to the King of the Deputies of the Estates-General at Versailles
Formal opening of the Estates-General at Versailles
The Deputies of the Third Estate refuse to meet separately from the other Estates, occupy the main hall, and invite the clergy and nobility to join them
The nobility refuses to meet together with the Third Estate, but the clergy hesitates, and suspends the verification of its deputies
The clergy renounces its special tax privileges, and accepts the principle of fiscal equality
The nobility renounces its special tax privileges
The Third Estate deputies from Paris, delayed by election procedures, arrive in Versailles
The scientist Jean Sylvain Bailly is chosen the leader of the Third Estate deputies
Upon the death of seven-year-old Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, the eldest son and heir of Louis XVI, his four-year-old brother, Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, becomes the new Dauphin
The deputies of the nobility reject a compromise program proposed by finance minister Jacques Necker
At the suggestion of Sieyès, the Third Estate deputies decide to hold their own meeting, and invite the other Estates to join them
Nine deputies from the clergy decide to join the meeting of the Third Estate
On the proposal of Sieyès, the deputies of the Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly
By a vote of 149 to 137, the deputies of the clergy join the assembly of the Third Estate
On the orders of Louis XVI, the meeting hall of the Third Estate is closed and locked
The Royal Council rejects the financial program of Minister Necker
The new National Assembly meets in the church of Saint Louis in Versailles
Louis XVI personally addresses the Estates- General (a Séance royale), where he invalidates the decisions of the National Assembly and instructs the three estates to continue to meet separately
48 nobles, headed by Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, join the Assembly
Louis XVI reverses course, instructs the nobility and clergy to meet with the other estates, and recognizes the new Assembly
A crowd invades the prison of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and liberates soldiers who had been imprisoned for attending meetings of political clubs
The National Assembly forms a committee of 30 members to write a new Constitution
As tensions mount, the Comte de Mirabeau, Third-Estate deputy from Aix, demands that the Gardes Françaises of the military household of the king of France be moved out of Paris, and that a new civil guard be created within the city
The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly
Louis XVI abruptly dismisses Necker
The National Assembly declares itself in permanent session
Storming of the Bastille
The astronomer and mathematician Jean Sylvain Bailly is named mayor of Paris, and Lafayette is appointed Commander of the newly formed National Guard
The King reinstates Necker as finance minister and withdraws royal troops from the center of the city
The King visits Paris, where he is welcomed at the Hôtel de Ville by Bailly and Lafayette, and wears the tricolor cockade
Camille Desmoulins begins publication of 'La France libre', demanding a much more radical revolution and calling for a republic arguing that revolutionary violence is justified
An armed mob on the Place de Grève massacres Berthier de Sauvigny, Intendant of Paris, and his father-in-law, accused of speculating in grain
Jacques Pierre Brissot begins publication of Le Patriote français, an influential newspaper of the revolutionary movement known as the Girondins
The King appoints a government of reformist ministers around Necker
Publication of "A plot uncovered to lull the people to sleep" by Jean-Paul Marat, denouncing the reforms of August 4 as insufficient and demanding a much more radical revolution
The Assembly proclaims freedom of religious opinions
The Assembly proclaims freedom of speech
The Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, drafted largely by Lafayette
The Assembly debates giving the King the power to veto legislation
Camille Desmoulins organizes an uprising at the Palais-Royal to block the proposed veto for the King and to force the King to return to Paris
The Constitution Committee of the Assembly proposes a two-house parliament and a royal right of veto
The Mayor of Troyes is assassinated by a mob
The National Assembly gives the King the power to temporarily veto laws for two legislative sessions
Desmoulins publishes Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens, a radical pamphlet justifying political violence and exalting the Parisian mob
First issue of Jean Paul Marat's newspaper, L'Ami du peuple, proposing a radical social and political revolution
Election of a new municipal assembly in Paris, with 300 members elected by districts
At the banquet des Gardes du Corps du Roi in Versailles, which Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Dauphin attended at dessert time, the King's guards put on the white royal cocarde
Marat's newspaper demands a march on Versailles to protest the insult to the cocarde tricolour
After an orderly march, a crowd of women invade the Palace
The Assembly names Lafayette commander of the regular army in and around Paris
Louis XVI secretly writes to king Charles IV of Spain, complaining of mistreatment
The National Assembly holds its first meeting in Paris, in the chapel of the archbishop's residence next to Notre Dame Cathedral
The Assembly declares a state of martial law to prevent future uprisings
The Assembly votes to place property of the Church at the disposition of the Nation
The Assembly moves to the Salle du Manège, the former riding school near the Tuileries Palace
First issue of Desmoulins' weekly Histoire des Révolutions de France et de Brabant, savagely attacking royalists and aristocrats
Revolt by the sailors of the French Navy in Toulon, who arrest Admiral d'Albert
The Assembly decides to divide France into departments, in place of the former provinces of France
Introduction of the assignat, a form of currency based not on silver, but on the value of the property of the Church confiscated by the State
The Assembly decrees that Protestants are eligible to hold public office; Jews are still excluded
Riot in Versailles demanding lower bread prices
Marat publishes a fierce attack on finance minister Necker
Paris municipal police try to arrest Marat for his violent attacks on the government, but he is defended by a crowd of sans-culottes and escapes to London
The Assembly forbids the taking of religious vows and suppresses the contemplative religious orders
The Assembly requires curés (parish priests) in churches across France to read aloud the decrees of the Assembly
The Assembly abolishes the requirement that army officers be members of the nobility
The Assembly decides to continue the institution of slavery in French colonies, but permits the establishment of colonial assemblies
The Assembly approves the sale of the property of the church by municipalities
Pope Pius VI condemns the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in a secret consistory.
Pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riot in the French provinces of Vannes protesting measures taken against the church
Pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riot in the French provinces of Nîmes protesting measures taken against the church
Pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riot in the French provinces of Toulouse protesting measures taken against the church
Pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riot in the French provinces of Toulon protesting measures taken against the church
Pro-catholic and anti-revolutionary riot in the French provinces of Avignon protesting measures taken against the church
Foundation of the Cordeliers club, which meets in the former convent of that name
Riots in Marseille
Lafayette and Jean Sylvain Bailly institute the Society of 1789
Law passed that allows for the redemption of manorial dues
Marat returns to Paris and resumes publication of L'Ami du people
The Assembly decides that it alone can decide issues of war and peace, but that the war cannot be declared without the proposition and sanction by the King
Lyon celebrates the Revolution with a Fête de la Fédération
Lille celebrates the Revolution with a Fête de la Fédération
Strasbourg celebrates the Revolution with a Fête de la Fédération
Rouen celebrates the Revolution with a Fête de la Fédération.
Uprising of biracial residents of the French colony of Martinique
The Assembly abolishes the titles, orders, and other privileges of the hereditary nobility
Avignon, then under the rule of the Pope, asks to be joined to France
Diplomats of England, Austria, Prussia and the United Provinces meet at Reichenbach to discuss possible military intervention against the French Revolution
The Assembly adopts the final text on the status of the French clergy
The Fête de la Fédération is held on the Champ de Mars in Paris to celebrate the first anniversary of the Revolution
The Pope writes a secret letter to Louis XVI, promising to condemn the Assembly's abolition of the special status of the French clergy
Marat publishes a demand for the immediate execution of five to six hundred aristocrats to save the Revolution
The Assembly refuses to allow Austrian troops to cross French territory to suppress an uprising in Belgium, inspired by the French Revolution
The Assembly decides to take legal action against Marat and Camille Desmoulins because of their calls for revolutionary violence
The Assembly establishes positions of justices of the peace around the country to replace the traditional courts held by the local nobles
The Assembly calls for the re-establishment of discipline in the army
Battles in Nancy between rebellious soldiers of the army and the national guard units of the city, who support Lafayette and the Assembly
Necker, the finance minister, is dismissed
Mutiny of sailors of the French fleet at Brest
Louis XVI writes his cousin, Charles IV of Spain, to express his hostility to the new status of the French clergy
The Assembly dissolves the local assembly of Saint-Dominque (now Haiti) and again reaffirms the institution of slavery
The Assembly decrees that the tricolor will replace the white flag and fleur-de-lys of the French monarchy as emblem of France
Insurrection in the French colony of Isle de France (now Mauritius)
Uprising of black slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti)
The Assembly decrees that all members of the clergy must take an oath to the Nation, the Law and the King
Louis XVI writes to King Frederick William II of Prussia asking for a military intervention by European monarchs to restore his authority
Thirty-nine deputies of the Assembly, who are also clergymen, take an oath of allegiance to the government
Mirabeau elected President of the Assembly
Priests are ordered to take an oath to the Nation within twenty-four hours
Mesdames, the daughters of Louis XV and aunts of Louis XVI, depart France for exile
Constitutional bishops, who have taken an oath to the State, replace the former Church hierarchy
Day of Daggers
Abolition of the traditional trade guilds
The Assembly orders that the silver objects owned by the Church be melted down and sold to fund the government
Pope Pius VI condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Diplomatic relations broken between France and the Vatican
Death of Mirabeau
The Assembly proposes transforming the new church of Sainte Geneviève, not yet consecrated, into the Panthéon, a mausoleum for illustrious citizens of France
Encyclical of Pope Pius VI condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The National Guard, despite orders from Lafayette, blocks the royal family from going to the Château de Saint-Cloud to celebrate Easter
On a proposal of Robespierre, the Assembly votes to forbid members of the current Assembly to become candidates for the next Assembly
The Assembly orders the transfers of the ashes of Voltaire to the Panthéon
The Chapelier Law is passed by the Assembly, abolishing corporations and forbidding labor unions and strikes
The Assembly forbids priests to wear ecclesiastical robes outside churches
The Flight to Varennes
The King is recognized at Varennes
Louis XVI returns to Paris
Emperor Leopold II issues the Padua Circular calling on the royal houses of Europe to come to the aid of Louis XVI, his brother-in-law
The Assembly decrees that émigrés must return to France within two months, or forfeit their property
The ashes of Voltaire are transferred to the Panthéon
The Assembly orders the deportation of priests who have not signed the oath to the government, known as the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Assembly orders the raising of an army of 20,000 volunteers to be camped outside Paris
Louis XVI vetoes the laws on the deportation of priests and the formation of a new army outside Paris
A secret insurrectionary committee, supported by the Paris Commune and led by the prosecutors Louis Pierre Manuel and Georges Danton, is formed
Demonstrators invade the Tuileries Palace and King Louis XVI condescends to wear a red liberty cap and drink to the health of the Nation
The Assembly bans gatherings of armed citizens within the city limits
Lafayette speaks to the Assembly, denouncing the actions of the Jacobins and other radical groups in the Assembly
Lafayette leaves Paris and returns to his army
As the Austrian army advances slowly toward Paris, the Assembly declares that the Nation is in danger (La patrie en danger)
The Assembly votes to send regular army units, whose officers largely support Lafayette, far outside the city
Members of the Cordeliers club, led by Danton, demand the convocation of a Convention to replace the Legislative Assembly
The Assembly authorises the Paris sections, local assemblies in each neighbourhood, many controlled by the Jacobins and Cordeliers, to meet in permanent sessions
Brunswick Manifesto
The Brunswick Manifesto is widely circulated in Paris, causing fury against the King
Decree by the Assembly allows working-class citizens (those who pay no taxes) to join the National Guard
Arrival in Paris of volunteer fédérés from Marseille
47 of the 48 sections of Paris, mostly controlled by the Cordeliers and the Jacobins, send petitions to the Assembly, demanding the removal of the King
The Paris section Number Eighty proclaims an insurrection on August 10 if the Assembly does not remove the King
Georges Danton, a deputy city prosecutor, and his Cordeliers allies take over the Paris city government and establish the Revolutionary Paris commune
Storming of the Tuileries Palace
The Assembly elects a new Executive Committee to replace the government
Royal family imprisoned in the Temple
Lafayette tries unsuccessfully to persuade his army to march on Paris to rescue the royal family
At the demand of Robespierre and the Commune of Paris, who threatens an armed uprising if the Assembly does not comply, the Assembly votes the creation of a Revolutionary Tribunal, the members of which are selected by the Commune, and the summoning of a National Convention to replace the Assembly
The Assembly abolishes the religious teaching orders and those running hospitals, the last remaining religious orders in France
Lafayette leaves his army and goes into exile
First summary judgement by the Revolutionary Tribunal and execution by the guillotine of a royalist, Louis Collenot d'Angremont
The Paris Commune orders that persons henceforth be addressed as Citoyen and Citoyenne ("Citizen") rather than Monsieur or Madame
Royalist riots in Brittany, Vendée and Dauphiné
Capitulation without a fight of Verdun to Brunswick's troops
The government requisitions all church objects made of gold or silver
Creation of the Louvre Museum displaying art taken from royal collections
Last session of Assembly votes a new law permitting civil marriage and divorce
The French army under Generals Dumouriez and Kellermann defeat the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy
The newly elected National Convention holds its first session behind closed doors, in the Salle du Manège, the former riding school of the Tuileries Palace, and elects its Bureau
The Convention proclaims the abolition of royalty and the First French Republic
French troops occupy Nice, then part of Savoy
National Assembly declares the king inviolable, and cannot be put on trial
The more moderate members of the Jacobins club break away to form a new club, the Feuillants
A demonstration sponsored by the Jacobins, Cordeliers, and their allies carries a petition demanding the removal of the King to the Champ de Mars
Following the events in the Champ de Mars, the Assembly forbids incitement to riot, urging citizens to disobey the law, and seditious publications, aimed at the Jacobins and Cordeliers
Slave uprising begins in Saint Domingue (Haiti)
Declaration of Pillnitz
Louis XVI formally accepts the new Constitution
The Assembly declares that all men living in France, regardless of color, are free, but preserves slavery in French colonies
The Assembly limits membership in the National Guard to citizens who pay a certain level of taxes, thus excluding the working class
Last day of the National Constituent Assembly
First session of the new national Legislative Assembly
Riots against the revolutionary commune, or city government, in Avignon
Émigrés are again ordered to return to France before January 1, 1792, under penalty of losing their property and a sentence of death
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve is elected mayor of Paris, with 6,728 votes against 3,126 for Lafayette
The Legislative Assembly creates a Committee of Surveillance to oversee the government
Priests are again ordered to take an oath to the government, or to be considered suspects
The King writes a secret letter to Frederick William II of Prussia, urging him to intervene militarily in France "to prevent the evil which is happening here before it overtakes the other states of Europe"
Louis XVI's brothers, (the counts of Provence and Artois) refuse to return to France, citing "the moral and physical captivity in which the King is being held"
Lafayette receives command of one of the three new armies established to defend the French borders, the Army of the Centre, based at Metz
The Assembly votes to summon a mass army of volunteers to defend the borders of France
The slave uprising in Haiti causes severe shortages of sugar and coffee in Paris
French citizens are required to have a passport to travel in the interior of the country
Austria and Prussia sign in Berlin a military convention to invade France and defend the monarchy
The Assembly decrees the confiscation of the property of émigrés, for the benefit of the Nation
Confrontation between the army and crowds in Béthune over the allocation of grain
The Duke of Brunswick is named to command a joint Austrian-Prussian invasion of France
The Assembly granted equal rights to free people of color in Haiti
The Assembly closes the Sorbonne, a center of conservative theology
The Assembly declares war on the King of Bohemia and Hungary, i.e. to the Holy Roman Empire
La Marseillaise composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, is sung for the first time in Strasbourg
The war begins
The government issues 300,000,000 assignats to finance the war
The Assembly orders the raising of 31 new battalions for the army
The Royal-Allemand regiment (Régiment de Royal-Allemand cavalerie), composed of German mercenaries, deserts the French army and joins the Austrian-Prussian coalition
The Hussar regiments of Saxe and Bercheny desert the French Army and join the coalition
French troops occupy Basel in Switzerland, then ruled by Archbishop of Basel, and proclaim it an independent Republic
French troops occupy Frankfurt am Main
The French army under Dumouriez invades the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)
The Convention claims the right to intervene in any country "where people desire to recover their freedom"
Discovery in the king's apartment in the Tuileries Palace of the armoire de fer, an iron strongbox containing Louis XVI's secret correspondence with Mirabeau and with foreign monarchs
The Convention decrees the attachment of Nice and the Savoy to France
The French army occupies Liège
Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins and First Deputy for Paris in the Convention, demands that the King be put to death
Deputies sent by Brussels assembly to the National Convention express gratitude of the Belgian people and request that France officially recognise the independence of Belgium
At the proposal of Jean-Paul Marat, the Convention rules that each deputy must individually and publicly declare his vote on the death penalty for the King
Opening of the trial of Louis XVI before the Convention
Louis XVI is brought before the Convention
Defence of the King presented by his lawyer, Raymond Desèze (Raymond comte de Sèze)
Motions in the Convention asking that people vote on judgement of the King
The Convention declares Louis XVI guilty of conspiracy against public liberty by a vote of 707 to zero.
In a vote lasting twenty-one hours, 361 deputies vote for the death penalty, and 360 against (including 26 for a death penalty followed by a pardon)
Louis XVI is beheaded at 10:22 on Place de la Révolution
Breaking of diplomatic relations between England and France
The Convention declares war against England and the Dutch Republic
The Convention annexes the Principality of Monaco
Jean Nicolas Pache is elected the new mayor of Paris
Decree of the Convention annexes Belgium to France
Armed royalist uprising against the Convention begins in Brittany
The Convention declares war against Spain
War in the Vendée
Revolutionary Tribunal established in Paris, with Fouquier-Tinville as the public prosecutor
Failed uprising in Paris by the ultra- revolutionary faction known as the enragés, led by the former priest Jacques Roux
The Convention decrees the death penalty for those advocating radical economic programs, a decree aimed at the enragés
The Convention decrees the death penalty for any participant in the uprising in the Vendée
Establishment of Revolutionary Surveillance Committees (Comités de surveillance révolutionnaire) in all communes and their sections
General Dumouriez denounces revolutionary anarchy
The Convention orders Dumouriez to return to Paris, and sends four commissaires and Pierre de Ruel, the Minister of War, to arrest him
Dumouriez arrests the commissaires of the Convention and Minister of War and hands them over to the Austrians
Convention declares Dumouriez outside the law
Arrest of Philippe Égalité, a deputy and head of the Orléans branch of the royal family, who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI, his cousin
Dumouriez fails to persuade his army to march on Paris, and goes over to the Austrians on April 5
Jean Paul Marat is elected head of the Jacobin Club
Committee of Public Safety established by the Convention to oversee the ministries and to be chief executive body of the government
First session of the Revolutionary Tribunal
The Convention votes to arrest Marat for using his newspaper L'Ami du peuple to incite violence and murder, and demand to suspend the Convention
The mayor of Paris, Jean Nicolas Pache, demands that the Convention expel 23 deputies belonging to the moderate Girondin faction
Marat is brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and is acquitted of all charges
The rebels of the Vendée, led by the aristocrats Charles de Bonchamps and Henri de La Rochejaquelein, capture Bressuire
At the demand of the Paris section of Saint- Antoine, the Convention fixes a maximum price for grain
At the demand of the Girondins, the Convention orders the arrest of the ultra- revolutionary enragés leaders Jacques René Hébert and Jean Varlet
The Paris Commune demands the release of Hébert and Varlet
At the Jacobin Club, Robespierre and Marat call for an insurrection against the Convention
Release of Hébert and Varlet
The leaders of Lyon rebel against the Convention, arresting the local Montagnard and enragés leaders
Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793
The sans-culottes and soldiers of the Paris Commune, led by François Hanriot, occupy the hall of the Convention and force it to vote for the arrest of 29 Girondins deputies, and two ministers, Claviére and Lebrun
Revolts against the Montagnard coup d'état in Marseille, Nîmes, and Toulouse
Bordeaux rejects the new government
Montagnards gain control of the Committee of Public Safety
Despite the Revolution, scientific research continues
Leaders of departments opposing the new government meet in Caen
Ratification of new Constitution by the National Convention
Jacques Roux, leader of the ultra-revolutionary enragés, presents his program to the Convention
Robespierre denounces the enragés before the Convention
Robespierre and Hébert lead a delegation of Jacobins to the Cordeliers Club to demand the exclusion from the club of Roux and the other ultra-revolutionary leaders
The eight-year-old Louis XVII, king of France in the eyes of the royalists, is taken from Marie Antoinette and given to a cobbler named Antoine Simon on orders from the National Convention
Marat violently denounces the enragés
Charlotte Corday assassinates Jean-Paul Marat in his bath
Charlotte Corday is tried and sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal for murdering Marat
Robespierre elected to the Committee of Public Safety
The Convention institutes death penalty for those who hoard scarce goods
The Convention declares a scorched earth policy against all departments rebelling against its authority
The Convention adopts the principles of the metric system
On order by decree of the Convention, a mob profanes the tombs of the Kings of France at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Marie-Antoinette is transferred from the Temple to the Conciergerie
The Convention sends an army led by General Kellermann to lay siege to the rebellious city of Lyon
Robespierre is elected the president of the Convention
Levée en masse voted by the Convention
Soldiers of the Convention capture Marseille
Anti-Convention leaders in Toulon invite the British fleet and army to occupy the city
Sans-culottes occupy the Convention and demand the arrest of suspected opponents of the Revolution, and the creation of a new revolutionary army of 60,000 men
Start of Reign of Terror
Convention re-establishes revolutionary government in Bordeaux
All women are required to wear a cocarde tricolor
The Convention passes the General Maximum, fixing the prices of many goods and services, as well as maximum salaries
The Convention orders that Marie-Antoinette be tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal
Additional moderate deputies are accused and excluded from the Assembly; a total of 136 deputies are excluded
To break with the past and replace traditional religious holidays, the Convention adopts the newly created Republican Calendar
Lyon is recaptured by the army of the Convention
A decree by the Convention puts the new Constitution on hold
The Convention decrees that the city of Lyon will be destroyed in punishment for its rebellion, and renamed Ville-Affranchie
Marie-Antoinette is summoned before the Revolutionary Tribunal and charged with treason
The Army of the Convention defeats the Austrian Army at the Battle of Wattignies
Marie-Antoinette is convicted and guillotined on the Place de la Revolution
The Army of the Convention under Generals Jean-Baptiste Kléber and François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers defeats the Vendéen rebels at Cholet
The Convention orders the repression of the ultra-revolutionary enragés
The Convention forbids religious instruction by clerics
The Revolutionary Tribunal sentences the 21 Girondins deputies to death
The 21 Girondins deputies are guillotined
Olympe de Gouges, champion of rights for women, accused of Girondin sympathies, is guillotined
Philippe Égalité is guillotined
Madame Roland is guillotined in the purge of Girondins
Former finance minister Brienne is arrested at Sens
The Cathedral of Notre Dame is re-dedicated as a Temple of Reason in to the civic religion of the Cult of Reason
The astronomer and former mayor of Paris, Jean Sylvain Bailly, is executed on the Champ de Mars for his role in suppressing a demonstration there on July 17, 1791
On Robespierre's orders, supporters of Danton are arrested
Danton returns to Paris, after being absent since October 11
The Paris Commune orders the closing of all churches and places of worship in Paris
Convention votes to remove Mirabeau's remains from the Panthéon and replace them with those of Marat
The Cordelier deputy Camille Desmoulins, supporting Danton, publishes an appeal for national reconciliation.
Defeat of the rebel Vendéen army at Le Mans
Withdrawal of the British from Toulon, following a successful military operation conceived and led by a young artillery officer, Napoléon Bonaparte
The Army of General François Joseph Westermann destroys the last of the Vendéen army at Savenay
To punish the rebellious city of Toulon, the Convention renames it Port-la-Montagne
At the Jacobins, Robespierre denounces Fabre d'Églantine, one of the instigators of the September massacres, father of the Republican calendar, and ally of Danton
Arrest of Fabre d'Églantine for alleged diversion of state funds
Death of Henri de la Rochejaquelein, royalist and military leader of the Vendéens, fighting at Nuaillé
The Convention votes to abolish slavery in French colonies
Robespierre makes accusations against the Convention delegate Joseph Fouché at a meeting of the Jacobins
The members of the alleged Conspiracy of Luxembourg, a diverse collection of followers of Danton and Hébert and other individuals, are put on trial
At the request of Robespierre, the Convention orders the transfer of the ashes of Jean-Jacques Rousseau to the Panthéon
A report to the Convention by Saint-Just calls from greater centralisation of the police under the control of the Committee for Public Safety
By the Treaty of the Hague, between Britain and Prussia, Britain agrees to fund an army of 62,000 Prussian soldiers to continue the war against France
In a report to the Convention, the deputy Billaud-Varenne delivers a veiled attack against Robespierre: "All people jealous of their liberty should be on guard even against the virtues of those who occupy eminent positions."
Malesherbes and the deputés Isaac René Guy le Chapelier and Jacques Guillaume Thouret, four times elected president of the Constituent Assembly, are taken to the scaffold
Robespierre creates a new Bureau of Police attached to the Committee of Public Safety, in opposition to the existing police under the Committee of General Safety
Robespierre asks the Convention to decree "that the French people recognise the existence of a Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul", and to organise celebrations of the new cult
The chemist Antoine Lavoisier, along with twenty-six other former members of the Ferme générale, is tried and guillotined
Arrest of Jean Nicolas Pache, the former mayor of Paris, followed by his replacement by Jean- Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot, a close ally of Robespierre
Execution of Madame Élisabeth, the sister of Louis XVI
Naval battle between British and French fleets off Ouessant
Robespierre is unanimously elected president of the Convention
Festival of the Supreme Being, conducted by Robespierre
Law of 22 Prairial
Without naming names, Robespierre announces to the Convention that he will demand the heads of "intriguers" who are plotting against the Convention
Carnot foresightedly despatched a large part of the Parisian artillery to the front
French forces under Jourdan defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Fleurus
Dispute within the Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre speaks at the Jacobin Club, denouncing a conspiracy against him within the Convention, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Committee of General Security
French forces under Generals Jourdan and Pichegru capture Brussels from Austrians
Robespierre speaks again at the Jacobin Club, denying he has already made lists, and refusing to name those he plans to arrest
At the request of Robespierre, Joseph Fouché is expelled from the Jacobin Club
Alexandre de Beauharnais is tried and executed; his widow Joséphine de Beauharnais became Napoleon's mistress, and his wife in 1796
Robespierre attends a meeting of reconciliation with the members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security, and the dispute seems settled
The poet André Chénier is among those guillotined
Marie Thérèse de Choiseul, the princess of Monaco is executed
Robespierre gives a violent speech at the Convention, demanding, without naming them, the arrest and punishment of "traitors" in the Committees of Public Safety and General Security.
At noon, Saint-Just begins his speech in the convention, prepared to blame everything on Billaud, Collot d'Herbois and Carnot
At two in the morning, soldiers loyal to the Convention take the Hôtel de Ville without a fight
Robespierre lectures the Convention on the necessity for the Terror: "The foundations of a popular government in a revolution are virtue and terror; terror without virtue is disastrous; and virtue without terror is powerless. The Government of the Revolution is the despotism of liberty over tyranny."
Napoleon Bonaparte is promoted to general for his role in driving the British from Toulon
Recall of Jean-Baptiste Carrier from Nantes
Jacques Roux commits suicide in prison
In a speech at the Cordeliers Club, Hébert attacks both the factions of Danton and Robespierre
At the Cordeliers Club, Jean-Baptiste Carrier calls for an insurrection against the Convention
The Committees of Public Safety and General Security denounce a planned uprising by the Cordeliers
Saint-Just, President of the Convention, denounces a plot against liberty and the French people
Robespierre tells the Convention that "All the factions must perish from the same blow."
Arrest of General Hoche, a member of the Cordeliers
Trial of the Hébertists begins
Hébert and leaders of the Cordeliers are condemned to death and guillotined
The philosopher and mathematician Condorcet is arrested
Danton, Camille Desmoulins and their supporters arrested
Trial of Danton before the Revolutionary Tribunal
The Convention decrees that anyone who insults the justice system is excluded from speaking, barring Danton from defending himself
Danton and Desmoulins are convicted and guillotined the same day
Arrest and execution of seventy allies of Robespierre within the Paris Commune
Inmates of Paris prisons arrested under the Law of Suspects are released
Napoléon Bonaparte is arrested in Nice, but released on August 20
The Convention reorganises the government, distributing power among 16 different committees
First anti-Jacobin demonstration in Paris by disaffected young middle-class Parisians called Muscadins
French army retakes Condé-sur-l'Escaut
The Convention puts Paris under the direct control of the national government
The Musée des Monuments français is founded to protect religious architecture and art threatened with destruction
The Abbé Grégoire, a member of the Convention, coins the term "vandalism" to describe destruction of religious monuments across France
The Convention stops paying officially sanctioned priests and stops maintaining church properties
The remains of Marat are placed in the Panthéon
Confrontations in the meetings of the Paris sections between supporters and opponents of the Terror
Arrest of the leaders of the bands of armed sans-culottes in Paris
Foundation of the Central School of Public Works, the future École Polytechnique
Muscadins attack the Jacobin Club
The Convention orders the suspension of meetings of the Jacobin Club
Treaty of London between the United States and England calls for joint suppression of French corsairs and a blockade of French ports
The Convention forms a committee of 16 members to complete work on the Constitution of 1793
73 surviving Girondin deputies are given seats again in the Convention
Conviction and execution of the Jacobin Carrier for ordering the mass execution of as many as 10,000 prisoners in the Vendée
The Convention repeals the law setting maximum prices for grain and other food products
French army of Pichegru captures Amsterdam
French cavalry capture the Dutch fleet, trapped in the ice at Den Helder
Confrontations between Muscadins and sans- culottes in Paris streets
The semi-official government newspaper Le Moniteur Universel condemns the past incitement to violence and terror by Marat and his allies
A French army captures Cologne
The Convention orders the deportation to French Guiana of Barère, Billaud-Varenne, and Collot d'Herbois, and the arrest of 8 extreme- left deputies.
The French army under Pichegru suppresses an armed uprising in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine
Signature of a peace agreement between Prussia and France in Basel
Convention orders the disarmament of Jacobins who were involved in the Terror
The Convention restores civic rights to all citizens declared outside the law since May 31, 1793
Assassination of 6 Jacobins involved in the Terror in Bourg-en-Bresse
The Convention names a commission of 8 members to revise the Constitution
Agreement of last Vendéen rebels to lay down their arms in exchange for amnesty
Massacre of 25 Jacobins imprisoned in Lyon
The former chief prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville, and the 14 jurors of the Revolutionary Tribunal are condemned to death and guillotined.
Armed uprising against the Convention by Jacobins and sans-culottes
New uprising of Jacobins and sans-culottes in Paris; they occupy the Hôtel de Ville
3rd day of uprising in Paris
The army secures the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and disarms and arrests the participants in the uprising
The last Jacobin former members of the Committees of Public Safety and General Security are arrested
The Convention abolishes the Revolutionary Tribunal
Death of the 10-year-old Louis XVII imprisoned in the Temple
The Convention decriminalizes the émigrés who fled France after the Jacobin seizure of power on May 26, 1793
Deputies who supported the May 20–22 uprising are put on trial
Suicide of 6 deputies condemned to death for participation in the May 20–22 uprising
The rebels of the Vendée, under Charette, resume their rebellion
In support of the Chouans, an army of émigrés, under the command of Joseph de Puisaye, landed at Quiberon
An army of 4,000 royalist émigrés is landed by the British in the Bay of Carnac in Brittany
The royalist army of émigrés in Brittany is defeated in front of Vannes by General Hoche
The Chouans are forced to abandon Auray
2,000 more royalist émigrés are landed at Quiberon, where they also are trapped by Hoche
The French Army of the Western Pyrenees in Spain under Moncey captures Vitoria-Gasteiz and takes Bilbao on July 19.
The royalist army in Quiberon surrenders
The Peace of Basel is signed between Spain and France
The Convention orders the arrest of Joseph Fouché and several other Montagnard deputies
The Convention adopts the Franc as the French monetary unit
Constitution of the Year III (Constitution de l'An III), the new Constitution, is adopted by the Convention
Approved by a national referendum, the new Constitution comes into effect
An armed royalist uprising threatens the Convention
Beginning of elections to the new chambers of the legislature, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients
Montagnard army officers dismissed under the Convention are reintegrated into the army
The assignat falls to just 3% of its nominal value
Bonaparte is named commander in chief of the Army of the Interior
The first Directory is elected by the legislature; its members are Louis Marie de La Révellière- Lépeaux, Jean-François Rewbell, Étienne- François Letourneur, Paul Barras and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, who declines to serve and is replaced by Lazare Carnot
The legislature votes a forced loan of 600,000,000 francs to be taken from the wealthiest French citizens
The daughter of Louis XVI and Marie- Antoinette, Madame Royale, imprisoned in the Temple since August 1792, is exchanged for a group of republican prisoners held in Austria
Armistice on the Rhine halting combat between the French and Austrian armies
Creation by the Directory of the Ministry of the Police, under Merlin de Douai
Commemoration of the anniversary of Louis XVI's execution
The Directory is given the provisional power to name the administrators of cities
The royalist and rebel leader Nicolas Stofflet tries to restart the War in the Vendée
Wolfe Tone, leader of the Irish revolutionaries, arrives in France, seeking military support to liberate Ireland
The government stops issuing assignats, which have lost most of their value
The United States and Britain extend their treaty of November 19, 1794
The Vendéen rebel and royalist leader Nicolas Stofflet is captured and executed by firing squad in Angers the following day
On the orders of the Directory, General Bonaparte closes the extreme leftist Club du Panthéon, founded by a follower of Marat
The Directory names General Bonaparte the commander of the Army of Italy
Marriage of Napoléon Bonaparte and Joséphine de Beauharnais, the widow of Alexandre de Beauharnais, a French general and political leader guillotined during the Reign of Terror
The Directory replaces the assignat with 2,400,000,000 Mandats territoriaux, which can be used to purchase nationalized property
François de Charette, last leader of the royalist rebellion in Vendée, is captured and executed by firing squad in Nantes
François-Noël Babeuf, known as "Gracchus Babeuf", the ultra-leftist leader and precursor of Communism, forms an insurrectional committee and movement, called Les Égaux ("the Equals"), to overthrow the government
Bonaparte begins his Italian campaign with victories over the Austrians at Montenotte (April 12) and the Sardinians at Millesimo (April 13)
Babeuf's followers and the remaining Montagnards form a common plan to overthrow the Directory
Bonaparte forces an armistice upon the Duke and Duchess of Parma
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Lodi
Treaty signed in Paris between the Directory and king Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
In Milan, Bonaparte promises "independence" for Italy
The Austrians renounce the armistice along the Rhine, and the war resumes on that front
Bonaparte begins the siege of Mantua, the last Italian city held by Austria
Bonaparte signs an armistice with the king of Sicily
Bonaparte's army enters Romagna, one of the Papal States
End of the civil war in the west of France, with the submission of Georges Cadoudal and the departure of Louis de Frotté for England
Bonaparte signs the Armistice of Bologna with the Holy See, which permits the French occupation of the northern Papal States
The Island of Elba is occupied by the British
A new Austrian army under Wurmser arrives in Italy
General Kléber captures Frankfurt
French army under General Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr captures Stuttgart
General Hoche is named head of an army to invade Ireland in support of the Irish independence movement
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Wurmser at the Battle of Castiglione
Treaty of alliance signed between France and Spain at San Ildefonso
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Wurmser at the Battle of Bassano
Failed insurrection at the Grenelle army camp Paris by followers of Gracchus Babeuf, and diehard Montagnards, infiltrated by agents of the police
Spain, now allied with France, declares war on Britain
The ew leaders of the September 9–10 Babeuf uprising are tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to death
Bonaparte encourages the proclamation of a Cispadane Republic in northern Italy, composed of Modena and some of the Papal states
Austria sends 2 more armies to northern Italy to confront Bonaparte
Decisive victory of Bonaparte over the Austrians at the Battle of Arcole
Abrogation of the harshest parts of the October 25, 1795 laws punishing émigrés and refractory priests
Departure from Brest of a fleet carrying a French army commanded by Hoche to invade Ireland
Storms dislocate the French invasion fleet off the coast of Ireland and force it to return to France
A new Austrian army commanded by General József Alvinczi is sent to fight General Bonaparte in Italy
Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Rivoli
Surrender of last Austrian forces in Italy, in Mantua, to Bonaparte
Bonaparte occupies Ancona to force Pope Pius VI to negotiate with him
Defeat of the Spanish fleet, ally of the French, at the Battle of Cape Saint Vincent
Pius VI cedes Comtat Venaissin and the northern portion of the Italian papal states to the new Cispadane Republic
Beginning of the trial of Babeuf and his leading followers at the High Court of Justice in Vendôme
The Directory authorises French warships to capture U.S. ships, in retaliation for the British- US treaty of February 20, 1796
Bonaparte begins a new offensive in Italy against the army of the Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
French voters are required to take an oath of fidelity to the government before voting on April 18
After a series of victories by Bonaparte, the Austrians agree to negotiate
Preliminary Treaty of Leoben
Results of partial elections for the legislature
Massacre of anti-French insurgents in Verona by French army
The Directory ratifies the Treaty of Leoben
Bonaparte declares war on Venice
Revolutionaries overthrow the government council (Patriciate) of Venice
Bonaparte begins negotiations with the Doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin
New session of the French legislature begins
A drawing of lots removes the moderate republican Étienne-François Letourneur
The political agitator Babeuf and one supporter, Darthé, are sentenced to death
First meeting of the Cercle Constitutionnel, a club of prominent moderate republican deputies
Bonaparte installs a new government in Genoa, with the aim of creating a new Ligurian Republic
The Director Paul Barras contacts General Hoche, seeking support for a coup d'état against the royalist majority in the 2 Councils
The royalist majority in the Councils repeals the law of October 25, 1795, which added punishments against refractory priests and émigrés
French troops land on Corfu, previously owned by Venice
General Hoche sends 15,000 soldiers from the Rhine to Brest via Paris, on the pretext of planning an invasion of Ireland
Talleyrand proposes a French expedition against Egypt
The French support the formation of the Cisalpine Republic, composed of the former Cispadane Republic and Lombardy
Conflict within the Directory between Barthélemy and Carnot, favorable to the monarchists, and the 3 pro-republican directors, Barras, La Révellière-Lépeaux, and Rewbell
The army of Hoche arrives within 3 leagues of Paris, a violation of the Constitution
Barras produces evidence that General Pichegru was in secret correspondence with Louis XVIII and the monarchists.
The Councils vote a law forbidding political clubs, including the republican Cercle Constitutionnel
Bonaparte sends General Augereau to Paris as military commander of the city, to support a coup d'état against the royalists
Bonaparte writes to the Directory, proposing a military intervention in Egypt "to truly destroy England"
Coup d'état of 18 Fructidor against the royalists in the legislature
The Directory forces the Councils to adopt new laws annulling the elections of 200 royalist deputies in 53 departments, and deporting 65 royalist leaders and journalists
Election of two new republican directors, Merlin de Douai and François de Neufchâteau, to replace Carnot and Barthélemy
General Augereau, who carried out the September 4 coup, is named commander of the new Army of the Rhine
Directory instructs Bonaparte to win major concessions in negotiations with Austria, and, in the event of refusal, to march on Vienna
Signature of peace between Austria and France in the Treaty of Campo Formio
Bonaparte meets with the Irish leader Wolfe Tone to discuss a future French landing in Ireland
Anti-French riots in Rome, and murder of a French general, Mathurin-Léonard Duphot
Pope Pius VI apologises to France for the Rome riots; apologies are rejected by the Directory
The French legislature passes a law authorising a loan of 80,000,000 francs to prepare an invasion of England
The Directory orders General Berthier and his army to march on Rome to punish the papal government for the murder of General Duphot
Bonaparte presents a plan for an invasion of England to the Directory
The legislature authorises French ships to seize neutral ships carrying British merchandise
The Vaud region of Switzerland, with French support, declares independence from the Swiss government in Bern
The Directory authorises French troops to intervene on behalf of the Swiss uprising in Vaud against the Swiss government
Berthier and his army enter Rome
Talleyrand presents to the Directory a project for a French conquest of Egypt
General Berthier, in Rome, proclaims a new Roman Republic, under French protection
Bonaparte recommends to the Directory the abandonment of the invasion of England, and an invasion of Egypt instead
The Directory approves Bonaparte's plan to invade Egypt
The French army captures Bern
The Parliament of German states, meeting in Rastadt, accepts the annexation of the left bank of the Rhine by France
Under the sponsorship of General Brune, an assembly in Aarau proclaims a Helvetic Republic
Following the French model, the new Helvetic Republic declares itself a secular republic
The Traité de Réunion formally unites the Republic of Geneva with the French Republic
A report to the Council of Five Hundred declares that the French elections were irregular, and recommends exclusion of candidates of the far left
By the Law of 22 Floréal Year VI, the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred invalidate the election of 106 Jacobin deputies
Jean Baptiste Treilhard is elected to the Directory in place of François de Neufchâteau
Bonaparte and his Armée d'Orient set sail from Toulon for Egypt
Anti-British uprising begins in Ireland; the Irish rebels believe that Bonaparte is sailing to Ireland
Irish uprising suppressed by the British army
Bonaparte defeats the Mameluks at the Battle of the Pyramids
Bonaparte and his army enter Cairo
Admiral Nelson and the British fleet destroy the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile, stranding Bonaparte in Egypt
A French fleet and expeditionary force sails for Ireland to aid the Irish rebels, though the rebellion is already defeated
French troops under General Humbert land at Killala, in northwest Ireland
General Humbert defeats a British force at the Battle of Castlebar, and declares an Irish republic
Suppression of a royalist revolt in the south of the Massif Central in France and the arrest of its leaders
The Jourdan law requires all French men between 20 and 25 to perform military service
The forces of General Humbert are surrounded by the British army at the Battle of Ballinamuck and forced to surrender
A new French expeditionary force sails from Brest to Ireland
The French government calls 200,000 men for military service
François de Neufchâteau, Minister of the Interior, creates the first Higher Council on Public Education
French fleet and expeditionary force defeated off coast of Ireland; 6 of 8 warships captured
Belgian peasants rebel against obligatory service in French army
Removal of the remains of Marat and 3 other extreme Jacobins from the Panthéon
Several former Jacobin leaders in Lyon, who conducted the Terror there, are assassinated, beginning of the so-called First White Terror
An amnesty granted to former Vendéen rebels, restoring freedom of religion
On a proposal by Boissy d'Anglas, the Convention proclaims freedom of religion and the separation of church and state
In the Convention, the deputy Rovère demands the punishment of Jacobins who carried out the Terror
The Convention orders the arrest of Barère, Villaud-Varenne, Collot d'Herbois and Vadier, the Jacobins who had orchestrated the downfall of Robespierre
In Toulon, arrest of the Jacobins who had carried out mass executions of the population
Riot in Toulon by sans-culottes, who execute 7 imprisoned émigrés
Food riots in Paris
Grain supplies in Paris are exhausted
On a proposal by Sieyès, the Convention votes the death penalty for leaders of movements who try to overthrow the government
Beginning of the trial of Fouquier-Tinville, the head of the Revolutionary Tribunal, who conducted the trials during the Terror
Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III
Population of Cairo rebels against French occupation
Directory orders deportation of Belgian priests, blamed for peasant uprising
A Russian-Turkish fleet blockades Corfu occupied by the French army
Austria and England agree to cooperate to force France back to its 1789 boundaries
The army of the King of Naples captures Rome
French troops defeat Belgian rebels at Hasselt and massacre insurgents
French army under Jean Étienne Championnet defeats the army of the King of Naples and his wife at Battle of Civita Castellana
French army under Championnet recaptures Rome
French army attacks Naples and forces King of Naples to take sanctuary on the flagship of Admiral Nelson
Alliance (Second Coalition) between Russia, Britain and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily against France signed
The army of General Championnet captures Capua
French army occupies Naples
Proclamation of a new republic in Naples, named Parthénopéenne by the Directory
Victory of General Louis Desaix over the Mameluks at Aswan completes the French conquest of upper Egypt
Conflict between Generals Championnet and Faipoult over the command of French troops in Naples
Championnet orders the expulsion of Faipoult from Naples
Bonaparte marches his army from Cairo toward Syria
Bonaparte defeats a Turkish army and occupies Arish in the Sinai Peninsula
The Directory orders the arrest of General Championnet
General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan assembles the Army of the Danube and prepares to cross the Rhine and invade German states and Austria
French troops in Corfu surrender, after a long siege by a Russian-Turkish fleet
Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine
Bonaparte visits the hospital for plague victims in Jaffa
The Directory declares war on Austria and on the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Bonaparte lays siege to Saint-Jean-d'Acre in Palestine
French troops enter the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Army of General Massena defeated by Austrians at Battle of Feldkirch
Defeat of Jourdan by Austrians at Battle of Stockach
Bonaparte tries unsuccessfully to capture Saint- Jean-d'Acre
Bonaparte fails again to take Saint-Jean-d'Acre
Jourdan resigns as commander of the Army of the Danube
Beginning of legislative elections in France to replace 1/3 of members
Pope Pius VI, a prisoner of the French, is transferred to France
The Austrian army of Melas and the Russian army of Alexander Suvorov join in Italy
Bonaparte defeats the Ottoman army led by Abdullah Pasha al-Azm at the Battle of Mount Tabor
French elections result in a major loss for supporters of the government, and a victory for the extreme left
Bonaparte fails a 3rd time to capture Saint- Jean-d'Acre
Alexander Suvorov's Russo-Austrian army defeats French forces under General Moreau at the Battle of Cassano
Suvorov enters Milan
Bonaparte fails for a 4th time to capture Saint- Jean-d'Acre
5th and last attempt by Bonaparte to capture Saint-Jean-d'Acre
As the result of the system of drawing lots, Rewbell leaves the Directory and is replaced by Sieyès, who is seen as a moderate leftist
An English fleet lands soldiers at Ostend in Belgium
Russo-Austrian army enters Turin
Bonaparte returns to Cairo
A serious struggle begins between the newly elected left-wing members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Directory, due to the string of French military defeats
The Council of Five Hundred and Council of the Ancients annul the election of Jean Baptiste Treilhard to the Directory and replace him with a leftist member, Louis-Jérôme Gohier
Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII
A French army under Étienne Macdonald is defeated by the Russians under Suvorov at the Battle of the Trebia
Another reversal in Italy: the French garrison of Naples surrenders
The Council votes to demand a forced loan of 100,000,000 francs from wealthy citizens to equip new armies
2 commanders with neo-Jacobin sympathies are promoted by the Directory: Joubert is named new commander of the Army of Italy, and Championnet is chosen to command the Army of the Alps
A neo-Jacobin club, the Société des amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité ("Society of the Friends of Liberty and Equality"), is founded in Paris
The Council of Five Hundred votes a new law on hostages, demands lists of royalists be made in each department, and brings accusations against former members of the Directory with royalist tendencies
At a celebration of the anniversary of the Revolution, General Jourdan calls "bringing back the pikes", the weapons of the Jacobin street mobs during the Terror
An Ottoman army under the command of Seid Mustafa Pasha, transported to Egypt by Sidney Smith's British fleet, lands at Abukir
Bonaparte defeats Seid Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army at the Battle of Abukir
Royalist uprisings in Toulouse and Bordeaux
Sieyès orders the closing of the new Jacobin Club in Paris
Defeat of the French Army of Italy under General Joubert at the Battle of Novi
The Council of Five Hundred decides, by a vote of 217–214, not to arrest and try the former members of the Directory accused of royalist sympathies
Bonaparte has had no news from France in 6 months.
Pope Pius VI dies, a French prisoner, in Valence
Championnet, prominent among the Jacobin generals, is named new commander of the Army of Italy
General Jourdan, leader of the Jacobins in the army, asks the Council of Five Hundred to declare a state of national emergency
Council of Five Hundred refuses to declare a state of national emergency
The Director Sieyès obtains the resignation of Jean Bernadotte as Minister of War, on the grounds that Bernadotte was planning a Jacobin coup d'état
The royalist leaders in the west of France, including the Breton Chouan leader Georges Cadoudal, meet to organise a new uprising against Paris
The royalist military commander Louis de Frotté lands in Normandy to take charge of the new uprising
General Masséna defeats the Russian-Austrian army of Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov at the Second Battle of Zurich
The Russian army under Suvorov is forced to retreat across the Alps
A French-Dutch army under General Brune defeats a Russian-British force at the Battle of Castricum
Bonaparte lands at Saint-Raphaël
Sieyès invites General Moreau to organize a coup d'état against the Jacobins in the Councils, but Moreau refuses
Bonaparte arrives in Paris for public celebrations
Bonaparte is received by the Directory
The royalist forces in the west, the Chouans, capture Nantes, but are forced to withdraw the next day
The Russian Czar Paul I orders the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war against the French
Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother of General Napoléon Bonaparte, is elected President of the Council of Five Hundred
Bonaparte meets with Sieyès; the two men dislike each other but agree to a parliamentary coup d'état to replace the Directory
Bonaparte meets with Fouché, the Minister of Police, who agrees not to interfere with a coup d'état
The Councils of the Ancients and the Five Hundred offer a banquet to Bonaparte at the former church of Saint Sulpice
General Jourdan proposes that Bonaparte join him in a Jacobin coup d'état against the Directory
Bonaparte dines with Cambacérès and arranges the final details of the coup d'état
The coup d'état of 18 Brumaire begins
As proposed by Bonaparte, the members of the two Councils are transported to the château of Saint-Cloud
Bonaparte rejects a constitution proposed by Sieyès
The Councils, now firmly under the control of Bonaparte, adopt the Constitution of the Year VIII
Periods
Food riots in Paris
Following the news of surrender of Verdun, the Commune orders massacres of prisoners in Paris prisons
Arrest and execution of Robespierre; End of the Terror
The Directory Replaces the Convention
Last Paris uprising by the Jacobins and sans-culottes
Renewed uprisings in the Vendée and a royalist invasion of Brittany
The new Constitution is approved: the Directory takes power
Napoleon's campaign in Italy; Defeat of the royalists in the Vendée; a failed uprising in Paris
Bonaparte chases the Austrians from Italy; a republican coup d'état against the royalists in Paris
New republics in Switzerland and Italy; an election annulled; Bonaparte invades Egypt
France at War in Italy and Germany; Bonaparte returns from Egypt; the Consulate seizes power; End of the Revolution
The royal treasury is empty; Prelude to the Revolution
The Revolution Begins; the Estates-General and the Constituent Assembly
The Rise of the Political Clubs
The unsuccessful flight of the Royal Family from Paris
War and the overthrow of the monarchy
Trial and Execution of Louis XVI
France at war against Europe; The Jacobins seize power; The Terror begins
Committee on Public Safety takes control of government
The Jacobin Coup d'État
The fury of the Terror or, the Cult of the Supreme Being, and the Downfall of Robespierre
Elections for 1/3 of the seats in the French legislature
Bonaparte invades and captures Malta
Bonaparte lands in Egypt and captures Alexandria
Directory, desperate for money, imposes new real estate tax and additional taxes based on number of doors and windows
French armies under Jourdan and Bernadotte cross the Rhine
Masséna is forced to withdraw his forces from Zürich
Royalist forces in Brittany and the Vendée briefly capture several cities, but are quickly driven out by the French army
Bonaparte and the two other Provisional Consuls form a new government, Berthier as minister of War, Talleyrand in charge of foreign relations, Fouché as minister of Police, and Cambacérès as minister of Justice.
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