Presidencies of the United States of America
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Updated: 20 Aug 2022
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At Jefferson's behest, Congress passes a law
prohibiting the importation of slaves into any
place within the jurisdiction of the United
States after January 1, 1808.The Embargo Act, modified and authorized by
President Jefferson, now permits vessels to
transport American goods from foreign ports.The infamous Leopard incident occurs.Circuit court in Richmond acquits Aaron Burr of
treason.In spite of Thomas Jefferson's vehement
protest, the British government announces it
will continue to impress seamen on American
ships thought to be British.Britain issues its “Order in Council,” forbidding
neutral nations and her allies from trading with
France except under tribute to England.Napoleon issues the Milan Decree, forbidding
trade with England or her colonies under
penalty of confiscation and impressments of
any vessel paying tribute to Britain.President Jefferson signs the Embargo Act,
putting a halt to all trading with any country in
the entire world.The law officially banning the slave trade goes
into effect.The Second Embargo Act comes into force.Napoleon issues the Bayonne Decree,
authorising the French seizure of all U.S. vessels
entering French and Italian ports and all ports
of the Hanseatic League.The sixth presidential election for President of
the United States is held.James Madison is elected president of the
United States, with George Clinton as vice
president.After the U.S. economy suffers at the hands of
the embargo, Congress repeals the Embargo
Act.James Madison is inaugurated as the fourth
President of the United States, thereby ending
Jefferson's presidency.After negotiations with British minister Erskine,
Madison issues a proclamation -- known as the
Erskine Agreement -- evoking the embargo on
Britain, effective June 10.George Washington inaugurated as the first
President of the United States in New York City,
the nation's capital.Congress, led by Representative James
Madison, enacts the first protective tariff.Congress passes the United States' first
naturalization law, establishing terms of
citizenship.Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution,
becoming the last of the original thirteen states
under the Articles of Confederation to join the
newly formed Union.President Washington signs the first United
States copyright law.President Washington signs a bill into law that
permanently places the nation's capital along
the Potomac River, in an area to be called the
District of Columbia.President Washington signs a bill into law that
directed the federal government to assume the
Revolutionary War debts of the states.The United States Capital officially moves from
New York to Philadelphia, where it remains
until the completion of the District of Columbia
in 1800.Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton,
with President Washington's support, sends
Congress a controversial message (The Report
on a National Bank) calling for the creation of
an official Bank of the United States.Congress approves its first internal revenue
law, creating fourteen revenue districts and
placing a tax on all distilled spirits.Commissioners name the territory within the
District of Columbia (and the future seat of the
Federal Government) the city of Washington in
honor of the nation's first President.The Miami Indians soundly defeat an American
military force of 1400 men led by General
Arthur St. Clair at the cost of 900 American
lives.The states officially ratify the first ten
amendments to the Constitution, also known as
the Bill of Rights.President Washington appoints Thomas
Pinckney as the first United States minister to
England.The cornerstone for the President's mansion is laid in Washington D.C.George Washington is unanimously re-elected
President of the United States by the Electoral
College.President Washington issues a proclamation of
neutrality, warning Americans to avoid aiding
either side in the emerging conflict between
Britain and revolutionary France.President Washington cautiously receives
France's envoy to the United States, Edmond
Charles Genet.American relations with Britain begin to
deteriorate rapidly after the British government
issues secret orders for the Royal Navy to
confiscate any vessels trading with French
possessions in the Caribbean.Thomas Jefferson resigns as secretary of state.Congress responds to British aggression by
authorising the production of six warships
(March 11) and announcing a sixty-day
embargo on American shipping (March 26).In the hopes of quelling mounting tensions
between the United States and Britain,
Washington selects Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court John Jay to serve as a special
envoy to Britain.Farmers in western Pennsylvania rebel over the
strict enforcement of an excise tax on whiskey
passed in 1791.General Anthony Wayne defeats an Indian force
numbering more than 1,000 at the Battle of
Fallen Timbers.Jay TreatyAlexander Hamilton resigns from his post as
secretary of the treasury.After fierce public debate, the Senate ratifies
the Jay Treaty.The United States signs the Treaty of San
Lorenzo with Spain, granting Americans the
right to ship goods through the port of New
Orleans without having to pay duties to the
Spanish Government.The American Government, represented by
David Humphreys, agrees to pay a sum of
nearly a million dollars to the Dey of Algiers for
protection of American shipping in the
Mediterranean and for the ransom of sailors.A heated dispute erupts between President
Washington and his Federalist allies and
Democrat-Republicans in the House of
Representatives after the latter demand that
the President provide Congress with all papers
relating to the Jay Treaty.Congress grants Tennessee's application for
statehood, allowing it to become the 16th state
in the Union.France informs James Monroe, America's
leading diplomat in Paris, that the Jay Treaty
violates, and therefore suspends, certain
provisions of the 1778 Treaty of Amity and
Commerce between the two nations.President Washington releases what has
become known as his “Farewell Address,” in
which he advises future American leaders to
minimize “political connection” with foreign
powers.In an agreement resembling the one signed
with the Dey of Algiers in 1795, the American
government signs a treaty with Tripoli, agreeing
to pay a yearly tribute to the Pasha of Tripoli in
exchange for the peaceful treatment of U.S.
shipping in the Mediterranean region.John Adams is elected President of the United
States.France refuses to accept Monroe's
replacement, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, as
American envoy to France, worsening relations
between the two nations.John Adams is inaugurated as the second
President of the United States, thereby officially
ending the presidency of George Washington.Adams calls the first special session of
Congress to debate the mounting crisis in
French-American relations.Adams appoints a three man commission,
composed of Charles C. Pinckney, Elbridge
Gerry, and John Marshall, to negotiate a
settlement with France.President Adams is authorized by Congress to
raise a militia of 80,000 men for defensive
purposes in case of war with France.XYZ AffairThe Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States is declared in full force by
President Adams.President Adams exposes the XYZ affair,
providing Congress with letters from the peace
commission indicating French efforts to bribe
and intimidate U.S. officials seeking to speak
with French diplomat, Charles Maurice
Talleyrand.Congress establishes the government for the
new Mississippi Territory.Adams appoints Benjamin Stoddert to serve as
the first secretary of the Navy for the newly
formed Department of the Navy.Congress empowers Adams to enlist 10,000
men for service in case of a declaration of war
or invasion of the country's domain.Congress Approves the First Alien and Sedition
ActCongress passes the Alien Act, granting
President Adams the power to deport any alien
he deemed potentially dangerous to the
country's safety.Congress passes the third of the Alien and
Sedition acts, the Alien Enemies Act.Adams appoints George Washington to serve
as commander in chief of the United States
Army.Congress adopts the Sedition Act, the fourth
and last of the Alien and Sedition acts.Philadelphia newspaper editor Benjamin
Franklin Bache, grandson of Benjamin Franklin,
is arrested under Sedition Act for “libeling”
President Adams.The Kentucky State Legislature adopts the
Kentucky Resolutions, reserving states' right to
override federal powers not enumerated in the
U.S. Constitution.The United States Navy scores its first clear
victory against France when the frigate
Constellation captures the French ship
L'Insurgente near the island of St. Kitts.President Adams selects Van Murray, Chief
Justice Oliver Ellsworth, and North Carolina
Governor Davie to serve as U.S. envoys to
France upon assurance from the French that
they will be received with the respect owed to
their nation.U.S. diplomats conclude a Treaty of Amity
between the United States and Prussia in
Berlin.Thomas Cooper, a resident of Northumberland,
Pennsylvania, is tried and convicted of libel
against President Adams and his administration
under the newly adopted Sedition Act.Congress finally passes a treaty with Tunis,
negotiated originally in 1797.The United States frigate Constellation defeats
the French ship La Vengeance on the high seas.Congress passes and Adams signs into law the
Federal Bankruptcy Act, providing merchants
and traders protection from debtors.A resolution is passed and eventually signed by
President Adams calling for the establishment
of a Library of Congress.Congress passes an act dividing the Northwest
Territory into two parts, with the border
between them running north from the junction
of the Ohio and Kentucky Rivers.The new city of Washington in the District of
Columbia becomes the official capital of the
United States, succeeding Philadelphia.The “quasi”-naval war with France effectively
ends with the signing of the Treaty of
Mortfontaine in Paris.Spain cedes the Louisiana territory to France
with the signing of the secret Treaty of San
Idlefonso.The fourth presidential election is held.Thomas Jefferson is inaugurated as the third
President of the United States, becoming the
first President to be inaugurated in
Washington, D.C.Yusuf Karamini, pasha of Tripoli, declares war
on the United States by symbolically cutting
down the flagpole at the U.S. consulate.William C.C. Claiborne is appointed the new
territorial governor of Mississippi.President Jefferson delivers his first address to
the newly convened seventh Congress of the
United States in writing and is read aloud by
the House clerk.A convention between the United States and
Britain regarding the treaty of 1794 is
concluded.Congress recognizes the War with Tripoli,
authorizing the arming of merchant ships to
ward off attacks.Congress reduces the size of the U.S. army to
its 1796 limits.Infamous excise taxes on commodities such as
whiskey are repealed.The notorious naturalization laws of 1798 are
repealed.The Georgia legislature cedes to the United
States its western territory, notorious for the
Yazoo land fraud of 1795.President Jefferson signs the Enabling Act,
establishing procedures under which territories
organized under the Ordinance of 1787 can
become a state.Congress officially incorporates Washington as
a city, empowering Jefferson to appoint the
mayor.The United States and Spain resolve to refer all
disputes between the two countries to a special
convention at Madrid.Jefferson appoints James Monroe minister to
France and Spain, instructing him to purchase
New Orleans and East and West Florida.Ohio officially becomes the seventeenth state
of the Union.Marbury v. Madison DecidedSpain reopens New Orleans to American
merchants.Louisiana Purchase Treaty SignedJefferson commissions Commodore Edward
Preble as commander of a U.S. Navy squadron
sent to battle Tripoli.Captain Meriwether Lewis, formerly Jefferson's
personal secretary, sets out from Pittsburgh to
begin an expedition of the newly acquired
western territory of the Louisiana Purchase.Motivated by the infamous election of 1800,
Congress passes the Twelfth Amendment to
the Constitution, requiring electors to vote for
President and vice president separately.The French flag is lowered in New Orleans and
the U.S. flag raised, symbolizing the transfer of
the Louisiana territory from France to the
United States.Lt. Stephen Decatur burns the captured U.S.
frigate Philadelphia while docked in Tripoli
harbour.Congress passes the Louisiana Territory Act,
dividing the Louisiana Purchase into the
Territory of Orleans in the south and the district
of Louisiana in the north.Burr Kills Hamilton in DuelThe Twelfth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution is officially ratified, allowing for the
presidential election of 1804 to be conducted
under new rules.The fifth presidential election is held under the
auspices of the newly ratified Twelfth
Amendment.Thomas Jefferson is officially reelected
President of the United States.President Jefferson is inaugurated for his
second term.Lewis and Clark reach the mouth of the
Yellowstone River.U.S. Marines and Arab mercenaries capture the
Tripolitan port city of Derna, achieving a major
victory for the United States in the Tripolitan
War.The United States and Tripoli sign a Treaty of
Peace and Amity in Tripoli, effectively ending
the Tripolitan War.Rumours circulate about the subversive
activities of Aaron Burr as he arrives in New
Orleans.The British justify seizure of American ships in
neutral ports with the invocation of the Rule of
1756.Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific after a
perilous journey of nearly eighteen months and
4,000 miles.Jefferson makes two addresses, one public and
one before Congress, regarding land in Florida.Michigan is formed from the territory of Indiana.Congress authorizes a commission to build a
national road from Cumberland, Maryland, to
the Ohio River.In protest against the seizure of American ships
and the impressment of American sailors by
Britain, Congress passes a law prohibiting the
importation of many British products into the
United States.Zebulon Pike begins his exploration of what is
now the southwestern United States.American envoys James Monroe and William
Pinckney commence talks with British official
Lord Holland on the current naval hostilities.Lewis and Clark Expedition Arrives Back in St.
LouisCongress passes legislation providing for a
military organizational structure.In Washington, D.C., President Jefferson
publicly warns citizens not to take part in a plot
to invade Spanish territory.Jefferson appeals to Congress asking for a ban
on the slave trade.Aaron Burr is arrested near Fort Stoddart,
Alabama, in connection with his alleged
conspiracy against the government.Madison persuades Albert Gallatin to remain
secretary of treasury in the face of strong
congressional opposition and discord within
Madison's cabinet.Prompted by tensions with Spain over West
Florida, Madison calls for renewal of an act
authorising the President to call out 100,000
militiamen, fill up the regular army to its
authorised strength, establish a force of 20,000
volunteers for immediate emergencies, and
reactivate idle components of the naval fleet.John Marshall overrules state legislation in
Fletcher v. Peck, finding attempts to rectify the
Yazoo land fraud scheme a violation of contract
rights.To replace the Nonintercourse Act, Congress
passes Macon's Bill Number 2, which allows
American ships to carry French or English
goods while barring belligerent powers from
American ports.The Cadore letter notifies the American
minister in France that the Decrees of Berlin
and Milan will be repealed, effective November
1, if Britain revokes its Orders in Council or if
the United States bars trade with Britain.Proclamation to Occupy West FloridaUnder the terms of Macon's Bill Number 2,
Madison accepts a French offer to stop
confiscation of American supplies and ships.Madison vetoes two bills of Congress, one
granting land in the Mississippi Territory to a
Baptist congregation and the other
incorporating an Episcopal church in
Washington, D.C.Madison reestablishes nonintercourse with
Britain.The Bank of the United States closes.After Madison dismisses Secretary of State
Robert Smith, James Monroe accepts Madison's
offer of the cabinet position.Editor Gales, of the National Intelligencer,
prints a summary of his discussion with
Madison.After it is attacked, the U.S. battleship President
fires on the British ship HMS Little Belt.The British foreign secretary announces an end
to the Orders in Council.Former secretary of state Robert Smith
publishes an Address to the People of the
United States, attacking Madison's
administration and revealing the
disagreements within the cabinet.The new British foreign minister, Foster, arrives
in Washington and warns Madison that if
nonintercourse remains the policy of the
United States, Britain will retaliate against
American commerce.Madison calls a special session of Congress to
convene November 4 in preparation for war
against Britain.Madison delivers a tentative war message to
Congress, indicating his shift in policy.After acknowledging the danger posed by
Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who hopes to
assemble a confederation of tribes, General
William Henry Harrison, the governor of the
Indian Territory, carriers out a pre-emptive
strike on Tecumseh.The Senate confirms James Monroe as
secretary of state, replacing Robert Smith.The House Committee on Foreign Relations
recommends legislation to bring the Army up to
full strength, establish a second regular army of
10,000, enable the President to organize 50,000
volunteers, strengthen the Navy, incorporate
militia units into national service, and arm
merchantmen.Congress passes an Army bill to enlarge the
second regular army to 25,000.The House refuses to enlarge the Navy.Madison shares the letters of John Henry, agent
for governor of Canada, with Congress, having
purchased the letters the previous month for
$50,000.British minister Foster tells Madison's
administration that the Orders in Council will
be continued.News arrives that France has sunk American
ships carrying flour to British troops in Spain,
leading many in Congress to call for war against
France.Madison and his cabinet decide to continue
with the attempted invasion of Canada.Madison convenes his cabinet to establish a
special military district for the protection of
Washington and Baltimore, placing it under the
command of Brigadier General William Winder.The Battle of the Burnt Corn in the Mississippi
Territory brings the Creek Indians into the war
against the United States.British Troops Set Fire to White HouseFollowing the sack of Washington, U.S. General
Samuel Smith turns back a British attack on
Fort Henry at Baltimore.Congress passes an embargo, effective through
July 4, on all shipping to give shippers the
opportunity to get their vessels to safe haven.Louisiana is admitted to the nation as the
eighteenth state of the Union.Amidst fierce intra-party competition, Madison
is nominated by the Democratic-Republicans
for a second term as President.Madison sees the letter from Lord Castlereagh
to British minister Foster confirming the
continuance of the Orders in Council, and the
President begins drafting his war message to
Congress.Madison delivers a message to Congress,
justifying war against Britain and asking for a
declaration of war.Madison issues a declaration of war against
Britain.General Henry Dearborn, commanding
American forces into Canada, requests that all
New England governors cap the size of militias
guarding their respective coasts and frontiers;
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island
refuse.Michigan governor and general William Hull, in
charge of the American offensive from Detroit
into Upper Canada, gives up his attack on Fort
Malden and surrenders Detroit to British forces
on August 16 without firing a shot.Despite fierce competition and conflict within
the Democrat-Republican party, Madison wins
reelection, securing 128 electoral votes to
Federalist DeWitt Clinton's 89.William Jones of Pennsylvania replaces Paul
Hamilton as secretary of the Navy.John Armstrong of New York replaces William
Eustis as secretary of war.Americans throughout the northwest are
outraged by Winchester's battle and surrender
at Frenchtown, and the Wyandotte murder of
sixty Kentucky prisoners of war.Albert Gallatin and James A. Bayard leave to
join John Quincy Adams in St. Petersburg for
peace negotiations sponsored by Russia.John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, and
Albert Gallatin are nominated as
representatives to the peace negotiations, but
the Senate rejects Gallatin on July 19.In an impressive display of valor, Captain Oliver
Perry wins control of Lake Erie in the Battle of
Put-In-Bay.The United States under General Harrison
emerges victorious at the Battle of the Thames
-- the most important American victory to date --
as it ends British and Indian control in
Northwest and Upper Canada.Madison calls for a total embargo on exports
and a ban on all imports of British origin,
believing that Britain depends on trade with the
United States.James Jackson of Virginia introduces a
constitutional amendment in the House
authorising the establishment of a national
bank, but Congress postpones consideration.Madison appoints Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin,
James Bayard, Jonathan Russell, and John
Quincy Adams as commissioners to negotiate
directly with Britain in Gothenburg, Sweden.George Washington Campbell of Tennessee
replaces Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury.Under the command of Andrew Jackson, 2,000
troops defeat the Creek Confederation at the
Battle of Horseshoe Bend in the Tallapoosa
River, eliminating the Confederation as an
obstacle to American expansion toward the
Gulf Coast.Napoleon's European empire collapses.William Henry Harrison resigns as Major
General and is replaced by Andrew Jackson,
against Madison's orders.Monroe signs the Military Establishment Act,
forwarded by Secretary of War Calhoun, to
reduce the Army's manpower by 40 percent to
6,126 men.Monroe begins his second presidential term.Missouri is admitted as the twenty-fourth state
of the Union.Monroe vetoes the Cumberland Road bill,
which would extend construction of the
interstate artery to Zanesville, Ohio.In a letter to Richard Rush, British foreign
secretary George Canning discreetly
contemplates recognition of what is referred to
as the “no-transfer” principle advocated by the
United States.Monroe Doctrine AnnouncedCherokee chiefs arrive in Washington, D.C., to
object to the government's removal policies
and plead for their sovereign right to stay in
Georgia.Monroe signs the General Survey Bill, departing
from his opposition to congressionally
sponsored internal improvements.Madison nominates James Monroe as Secretary
of War to replace John Armstrong.Alexander J. Dallas is appointed secretary of
treasury, replacing the inept George W.
Campbell.The Massachusetts General Court calls a
convention of New England states, whose
livelihood depends largely on international
trade, to coordinate regional grievances against
the federal government.Without authorisation, Andrew Jackson takes
Spanish-held and British-occupied Pensacola,
Florida, in pursuit of Creek warriors.Twenty-two delegates at the Hartford
Convention issue a report condemning the
federal government for failing to defend New
England.In Europe, the United States and Britain sign
the Treaty of Ghent.The House of Representatives passes an
amended bank bill as a compromise between
Federalists and anti-bank Republicans.Jackson, leading 4,000 militiamen, citizens, and
regular soldiers, wins a resounding victory over
6,000 British forces in the Battle of New
Orleans.Madison signs a bill allowing the President to
call up 40,000 state troops.News arrives of the December 1814 Treaty of
Ghent that ends the War of 1812.With Madison having secured a declaration of
war on Algiers, Captain Stephen Decatur leads
a flotilla from New York against the
Mediterranean pirates, who attack American
ships during the War of 1812.Gallatin negotiates a commercial convention
with Britain, further signifying the potential for
the United States to play an important role in
international trade and industrialization.Madison presents his seventh annual message
to Congress, advocating military streamlining, a
new national bank, protective tariffs to
promote industry, and internal improvements.Madison signs a bill re-chartering a new
national bank in Philadelphia.Madison signs a bill admitting Indiana to
statehood.Secretary of State James Monroe is elected
President, easily defeating Federalist Rufus King
of New York.Madison delivers his eighth annual address to
Congress, calling for vigilance in foreign affairs,
internal improvements, and the restructuring
of the judiciary and executive offices.Britain's minister to the United States, Charles
Bagot, agrees to the conditions of the Rush-
Bagot Agreement.Monroe embarks on a lengthy, sixteen-week
tour of New England.Monroe enunciates a policy of neutrality
towards the Latin American colonies seeking
independence.Mississippi becomes the twentieth state in the
Union.Secretary of War John C. Calhoun orders
General Andrew Jackson to quell Seminole
Indian uprisings in the Floridas and southern
Georgia; Jackson also receives a private letter
from Monroe urging such action.Monroe learns of Jackson's exploits and, along
with his cabinet (except John Quincy Adams),
disapproves of Jackson's actions.British and American diplomats meet at the
Anglo-American Convention and conclude a
treaty resolving some, but not all, of the
outstanding issues from the War of 1812.Illinois is admitted as the twenty-first state of
the Union.Alabama becomes the twenty-second state of
the Union.The Panic of 1819 begins to take shape.Debates over Missouri's admission to the Union
are triggered in February by New York
Republican congressman James Tallmadge, Jr.The Transcontinental Treaty, also known as the
Adams-Onis treaty, is resolved in February after
the conclusion of negotiations dating back to
July 1818.Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the United
States Supreme Court rules against the state of
Maryland in McCulloch v. Maryland.Monroe Signs Missouri CompromiseMaine is admitted as the twenty-third state of
the Union.As expected, Monroe secures reelection as
President of the United States, receiving 231
electoral votes to John Quincy Adams's 1.Monroe signs the Tariff of 1824 into law,
implementing protectionist measures in
support of local manufactures and goods.Following Congress's invitation, the Marquis de
Lafayette, the inspirational liberal French
philosopher, makes a lengthy visit to the United
States.At sixty-seven, Monroe decides not to seek re-
election in the presidential race -- a contest that
is far more contentious than the previous one.Unable to alter the demands of the Georgia
congressional delegation, Monroe concedes
that the only way to mitigate Indian concerns is
through their removal west of the Mississippi.John Quincy Adams is sworn in as the sixth
president of the United States.John Quincy Adams Elected PresidentJohn Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the
United States and son of John Adams, the
second President, makes his inaugural address.Captain David Porter, a perennial thorn in the
side of the United States Navy, is
courtmartialed for overstepping his powers
when he chooses to land 200 troops at Fajardo,
Puerto Rico, in November 1824.The Tennessee legislature nominates Andrew
Jackson their presidential challenger for the
1828 election.The first passage on the 363 mile-long Erie
Canal is completed from Lake Erie to New York
City, linking the Atlantic and trans-Atlantic
marketplaces with growing agricultural
production in the Northwest states.Military standardisation and integration of
Union and state militias is a foremost concern
during the Adams administration.Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, founding
fathers and former Presidents, both die.Under the mediation of Czar Nicholas I,
President Adams finalises a settlement with the
British over restitution for damages incurred
during the War of 1812, left unresolved by the
Treaty of Ghent.Adams proclaims all American ports closed to
trade with British colonies, suspending
disagreements from an era of protracted
contention with the British over tariffs,
navigation and duties.Additional European states are incorporated
into the MFN trade system, the pre-conditions
of commercial growth being ëneutral rights,'
which began in April 1826.Nicholas Biddle of the Bank of the United States
implements the sale of government securities
to curtail the outward flow of specie.Joel Poinsett accedes to a Mexican boundary
settlement on behalf of the United States.Antonio José Caóaz, Guatemalan minister to the
United States, proposes the construction of a
canal adjoining the Pacific and Atlantic through
Nicaragua.Proposed by South Carolinian and Vice
President John Calhoun in an attempt to bolster
support for Andrew Jackson's bid for President,
Congress passes a new tariff bill.Andrew Jackson, running on the Democratic
ticket, ends Adams's bid for reelection.Andrew Jackson is sworn in as the seventh
President of the United States.Following his anonymous printing of the South
Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828, Vice
President John C. Calhoun suggests that his
state of South Carolina annul the federally
imposed protective cotton tariff.Congress passes the Indian Removal Act,
sanctioning the forcible relocation of Creek,
Chickasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminole
tribes to land allotments west of the Mississippi
river.
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