Wildlife Toxicology Case Study TImeline
Category: Other
Updated: 28 Dec 2021
AJ Jacobus-Oseroff
Fall 2021
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Created byAJ
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Migratory Bird Treaty Act established protection for all migratory birdsMigratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929Catalyst Paper Corporation paper mills open in Crofton, Vancouver, BCFirst wildlife experiment station opened in the United StatesShillinger & CottamDDT insecticide properties discovered by Swiss chemist Paul MüllerQuortrup & ShillingerZellwood Drainage and Water Control District Created in North Shore on Lake Apopka, FL, turning into agriculture farmingbombing of Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against naval base in Honolulu, HawaiiRocky Mountain Arsenal Createdfirst environmental study of DDTTIME Magazine deemed DDT "One of the greatest scientific discoveries of WWII"WWII ended2,4-D sprayed to kill invasive water hyacinthDr. Robert Stewart first to summarize ecological ties between species, food habits, and habitats.The Fish and Wildlife Act created the USFWSAtrazine InventedBellroseSilent Spring by Rachel Carson published as a series in Reader's DigestVulture Restaurant model develops in AfricaHexachlorobenzene banned in United States.DDT Earthworm PlotsDDT use restricted in U.S.Most uses of aldrin and dieldrin 'cancelled' in the U.S.USDA cancels DDT application on crops, commercial plants, wood products, building purposelessUnited States Environmental Protection Agency formedBureau of Commercial Fisheries transferred to the Department of Commerce, renamed the National Marine Fisheries ServiceEPA bans registration of remaining DDT productsGreat Lakes Water Agreement Signed by USA and CanadaRound-Up (glycophosate based broad spectrum herbicide) hits U.S. marketFort Edward Dam removed from Hudson River, releasing contaminated water downriver to Lower Hudson ValleyUSFWS proposed restrict use of lead in hunting in certain locations"Effects of Low Dietary Levels of Methyl-Mercury on Mallard Reproduction" (Gary Heinz 1974)New York State declares catch from Hudson River unsafe.USFWS started gradual transition from use of lead shot to steel in areas w significant problemmirex no longer used in United StatesNew Great Lakes Water Agreement Signed by USA and CanadaPCBs use and production banned in the United StatesGary Heinz published influential paper on regulationComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act (CERCLA) aka. SuperfundFirst survey of herons across western Canadaendrin banned in United StatesFlorida passed laws directing scientists to find a "environmentally sound and economically feasible" way to restore Lake ApopkaFunding cut from Canadian Wildlife ServicesHeron eggs found in Crofton, BC found to have high dioxin levelsAll uses aldrin and dieldrin banned in the U.S. 1Heron colony in Crofton, BC found totally abandonedCatalyst Paper changes bleaching processCommercial sales of heptachlor banned in United StatesRocky Mountain Arsenal's Contaminated liquids moved to storage tanksExempt items of DDT bannedUSA and Canada begin monitoring atmospheric loadings of POPs in the Great LakesLake Apopka, FL farms bought from farmers and restored to marshlandToxaphene banned in United StatesArctic Environmental
Protection Strategy (AEPS)prohibit lead shot for waterfowl huntingFindings on heron chick growth under dioxin exposureEcoRisk panel assembled by SyngentaEPA expresses concern about atrazineGizzard Shad harvesting began in Lake Apopka, FLMercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996 signed into LawRound-UP Ready' crops createdOttawa Declaration marks creation of the Arctic CouncilArctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic
Environment ReportBombay Natural History Society (BNHS) biologists conduct data collection on vulture populationsTower Chemicals Spill into Lake Apopka, FLSt. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) buys up farms on North Shore on Lake Apopka, FLDiclofenac (NSAID) entered veterinary marketchlordane use eliminated in United StatesGreat-horned Owl study - reveals dieldrin foundBNHS conducts road-transect surveyStockholm Convention on POPs signed200 - 300% more PCBs found in Hudson River after EPA orders GE to clean up PCBsDr. Hayes publishes atrazine findings2003 Lake Apopka AgreementVI World Conference on Birds of Prey and OwlsWashington, DC EPA Hearing on AtrazineAtrazine banned in EUE.P.A. approved the continued use of atrazine in United StatesDiclofenac found to be cause for visceral gout in vulturesReyla 2004 PublishedTPF and Bird Conservation Nepal convened the Kathmandu Diclofenac Summit72% of dead vultures in India + Nepal had visceral gout, 100% gout cases had detectible residue of diclofenacOaks JL, Gilbert M, Virani MZ et al (2004b) Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. publishedNature 427:630– 633International South Asia Recovery Plan Workshopfirst Vulture Conservation Summit in KathmanduStockholm Convention entered into forceSyngenta attempts to discredit HayesEPA announces final sales and distribution of dioxins and furans as hazardous air pollutants for hazardous waste combustersRelya mesocosm study published in Ecological Applications + Raylea did a press releaseLake Apopka, FL alligator egg viability study publishedLetter to editor re "The Impact of Insecticides & Herbicides on the Biodiversity & Production of Aquatic Commulities"Jatayu Restaurant' aka Vulture Restaurant opens in Pithauli, Nawalparasi near Chitwan National Park in NepalWHO declares support for DDT use indoors in African countriesIndia bans diclofenacNepal bans diclofenacPakistan bans diclofenac"Doubt Is Their Product" PublishedIndia bans veterinary sales of diclofenacWest Bengal, Assam, Nepal construct vulture breeding facilitiesEPA response regarding Round-Up useMercury Export Ban Act signed into lawAtrazine approves use by EPA after reviewRocky Mountain Arsenal Demolition"Mercury Exposure Affects the Reproductive Success of a Free-Living Terrestrial Songbird, the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus)" (Jackson et. al. 2011) PublishedAtrazine approves use by EPA after reviewSyngenta settles two of its class action lawsuitsBan of US Export of Metallic MercuryDuPont agrochemical manufacturing plant's explosion of Methyl Mercaptan kills 4 employees in VirginiaGE packs up cleaning technology and wastewater treatment plantDuPont NRDAR $50M settlement with USFWS for South River, VA mercury contaminationState of New York sues EPA gives GE a certificate of completion for their (incomplete) dredging of the Hudson RiverCambodia bans diclofenacNew York State vs. EPA lawsuit dismissedPeriods
Mercury ConferenceDuPont Factory leaked mercury and chemicals used in rayon productionMuck Farming anf Citrus Farming begins and citrus farming dumps discharge from fruit concentrateDDT used in battle zones:Lake Apopka, FL marshes turned into agricultureRocky Mountain Arsenal active army useGE capacitor manufacturing plant dumped 1.3M lbs of PCBs into Hudson RiverMinamata Baymillions of poultry in US died from 'chick-edema disease', dioxin identifiedShell Leased part of Rocky Mountain Arsenal4500-9000 tons of fish die bc algae bloomLake Apopka, FL alligator population checked if stable enough to harvest for farming,wood stork endangered species listPP from forest industry studied in British ColombiaNew York studies how to proceed regarding PCB pollution in Hudson RiverDiclofenac (NSAID) entered veterinary marketThe Great Lakes Binational Toxics StrategyTyrone Hayes begins studying atrazine for SyngentaOnce flooded, birds increase from 10,000 to 41,000Pakistan diagnostic forensic investigation into vulture mortalityAverage annual mortality of vultures in India surveyGE dredges PCBs from bottom of the Hudson RiverVulture Action Plan in Cambodia
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