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April 1, 2024
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"King James I grants lands to the Virginia Company of London, later called Virginia. Thousands of settlers are drawn by tobacco, and the company grants 100 acres to every freeman and more to those who import servants. First convened in 1619, the House of Burgesses is given the power to make laws and levy takes, yet actions could be vetoed by a governor and the company council. The promise of land ownership and self-government attracts many."
In 1620, Puritans, led by William Bradford, create a Mayflower Compact to combine themselves into a single political body in Plymouth as they lack a charter. This compact champions religious self-government without royal intrusion.
The Indian War of 1622 causes James I to revoke the charter of the Virginia Company, making Virginia a royal colony. The House of Burgesses is retained, yet the governor and an advisory council are elected by the king and his ministers and the king’s Privy Council must ratify all laws. Such conditions became the model for other royal colonies. Self-government is hindered yet not abolished.
Other Puritans, led by John Winthrop starting in 1630, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, change their Joint-Stock Corporation into a representative system with an assembly, governor, and council. However, only Puritan churchgoing males are given the right to vote or hold office. This system is considerably more representative than that of Virginia.
In 1632 King Charles I grants lands bordering the Chesapeake to Lord Baltimore, who later grants an assembly the power to initiate legislation. A proprietor and governor also hold political power. elf-government is hindered, as with the Virginia colony, yet the ability of colonists to initiate legislation in the assembly gives the people some power.
In 1640, 3,000 settlers, originally led by William Bradford, create representative self-government with broad rights. This system allows more self-government than Maryland.
In 1644, Roger Williams and others purged from the Massachusetts Bay receive a corporate charter from Parliament for the Rhode Island colony. These individuals enjoy freedom of worship and full political autonomy unlike the Virginia colony. However, social inequalities among New England Puritans favor the rich. Nevertheless, most adult males had a vote town meetings
In 1686, Wanting greater control over the colonies, James II pushes for the Lords of Trade to create the Dominion of New England by revoking the Connecticut and Rhode Island charters and merging them with Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Sir Edmund Andros is elected governor of the new Dominion.
In April 1689, Andros is seized and shipped back to England. The Dominion of New England is destined to fail, allowing the colonists greater independence in the near future.
William and Mary appoint Henry Sloughter as governor in 1691. Jacob Leisler, the previous leader who led rebellion against the Dominion, is executed for treason.
William and Mary break up the Dominion yet refuse to restore Massachusetts Bay, creating a new royal colony in 1692 combining Plymouth and Maine. The king is given the power to appoint the governor and customs officials and the vote is given to all male property owners. Self-government is limited by royal authority, yet the ability to vote is a considerable improvement over the Dominion.
In the midst of the prosperity of the South Atlantic System, the colonies enjoyed much self-government. Assemblies limited the power of royal officials; for example, in the 1720s in Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, assemblies ignored royal instructions to provide governors with a permanent salary.
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As Charles II grants proprietorships to William Penn, the Duke of York, and others around 1663-1681, creating Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Carolina. James II rules New York by decree and the Carolina proprietors attempted to create a manorial system (which ultimately failed). It was William Penn who championed religious freedom and political equality, allowing all property-owning men to vote and hold office.
The Board of Trade gives local elites more power than lower class individuals. An era of war in Europe makes the English allow the colonies much independence.
Although politics was largely elitist, it was incredibly difficult for unpopular legislation to survive; displays of popular discontent were common and often a means of influencing policy. This system of salutary neglect would last from about 1714-1760, during the rule of George I and George II.