jan 1, 1239 - ✎ 17. Frederick II was excommunicated in 1239 again.

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Frederick II was excommunicated in 1239 because he attacked papal lands and tried to expand his power in Italy, which Pope Gregory IX saw as a direct threat to the Church.

Because of his power struggles with the papacy over control of Italy and his delays or defiance regarding crusading.
Both excommunications came from popes who feared his growing dominance in the Italian peninsula.

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