jan 1, 1229 - ✎ 16. The Sixth Crusade & Treaty of Jaffa (or Frederick II’s treaty) (1229)

Description:

The sequence is:
• 1220: Frederick II promises the pope he will lead a crusade
• 1220–1227: He delays several times
• 1227: He finally sets out but turns back due to illness → Pope Gregory IX excommunicates him
• 1228–1229: Frederick goes anyway and negotiates the Treaty of Jaffa, regaining Jerusalem without a battle.
That entire story is the Sixth Crusade.

In 1229, during the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II negotiated the Treaty of Jaffa with Sultan al‑Kamil, restoring Jerusalem to Christian control under a shared arrangement that angered both local Christians and Muslims.

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