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timeline ancient history
Создана
Pieter de Jong
⟶ Обновлено 28 янв 2019 ⟶
List of edits
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rick delger
you are a saint
27 янв 2019
Thom Nijstad
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21 янв 2019
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History starts, most commonly defined as being the time we found the first scripts
Greece and ancient rome starts
modern day Greece founded
first people speeking "Greek"
Major regions in Greece were Thessaly, Macedonia and Boeotia and the large island Euboea
Cretans voyaged throughout the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegan
First writing of Cretans in linear A, not yet deciphered
The Cretans were not considered Greek but Minoans, they had big structures with many rooms, the biggest was called Knossos
Minoan society was disrupted by a series of earthquakes and eruptions. parts of the islandwere collapsed in sea, also originating the story of atlantis
mycenaean culture develops in greece
Groups of people migrate from parts of the world to mainland Greece, spoke an early form of Greek and later called Mycenaeans
Recorded first use of linear B by Mycenaens, thus considering them the first real Greeks
After peacefull contact at first Mycenaeans attacked Crete and the Minoans
Ending of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations
the time most scholars believe Iliad and the Odyssey were composed.
The epic poetry of homer being attributed to him, having a lasting impact on Greek culture
roman conquest of Greece
Period in which polisses developped, translated city state
Polis was generally surrounded by a wall and an elevated point called an acropolis, also had a marketplace called agora
Democracy created in Athens by Cleisthenes
Draco published the first law code for the Athenian polis.
Solon was elected chief archon of the athenian Magistrate
Pisitrates decalred himself tyrant of the athenian polis
Election with archons gets replaced by lot
The Greeks who lived in Ionia unsuccesfully rebelled against the Persian empire, with halfhearted help of the Athenians
The persians retaliated against Athens
Persian king Xerxes (485-465 b.c.e) Led a massive invasion of Greece
Pericles perueded Athens to exclude Megarians from trading with Athens and it's empire.
First Spartan invasion of Attica. Many people sought refuge in Athens
Cleon became leading General of Athens and urged a more aggressive type of battling
the Peace of Nicias was formed. and resulted in a cold war
Athenians set sail to the largely neutral Melos, with the ultimatum to either joibn them or pay tribute and perish.
1st and second century c.e. zealots and other jewish movements encouraged armed rebels against rome.
The Jewish people of Judea believed a Messiah would come and lead them to battle victoriously
9th and 10th century the church had come under control of feudal lords
The lateran council decreed that authority and power to elect the pope laid with the college of cardinals
pope Gregory decreed that all clerics that accepted money from laymen were to be excommunicated
in the 11th but also 12th and 13th century popes held the Lateran councils
Pope Boniface VIII orderd all nuns to be strictly cloistered
many bishops withdrew their allience with the pope. whilst nobles of Germany formed a bond with the pope
Henry the emperor Outwitted the pope by standing in front of his castle for 3 days, being unexocommunicated
Death of Pope Gregory, Henry invaded Italy and captured rome. (more info)
Conference in Worms in which the issue of the Papal-imperial issue was settled
Arnold of Brescia and peter Waldo (followers were Waldensians) denounced cleric wealth
12th and 13th century Cathars (more inf.)
Pope Innocent III proclaimed a crusade against Albigenians.
Innocent called the fourth lateral council
in the early 13th century the papal was a great succes and the pope was powerfull, end they were in violent dispute again with secular powers.
Propaganda battle between papacy and french monarchy
the pope made a written statement in which he declared everyone (even kings) were subject to the pope.
First sign of reform from the church against laymakers taxing them, making them more independant.
Cistercians in the 12th and 13th represented the new reforming spirit
an increasing number of boys and men from proffesional and merchant families became monks
12th and 13th century had Friars.
Domingo and his bishop went on an unsuccesfull mission to win the Albigenians back to Orthodox teaching
A group called the preaching friars won papal recognision as a new religious order
Fransesco di Bernardone had a lot of religious followers (Fransiscans) The papacy approved of the following of the little brother
The papacy used friars to investigate heretics
The split between the Orthodox church of Byzantine and the Roman church of the west
crusades
Seljuk took over Palestina and defeated Arab and Byzantine armies and pillaged.
Crusaders after a long Journey and lots of starvation reached Jerusalem and slaughtered the cities.
The Crusaders build castles against further Muslim conquest
Founding of the knight tempelars
King Philip IV of France sought to grab wealth of the Knight tempelars
Saladin unified Egypt and Syria and retook Jerusalem
King Edward I of england expelled Jews from england and confiscated their property and goods.
King Philip IV of France followed Edwards example of expelling Jews from the country and confiscating their property.
Roman Catholic Europe was twice the size it was in 950
Otto I established the first Scandinavian dioceses firstly in Denmark
Final phase of the war was marked by 3 major devellopments
Sparta's declariation of war against Athens and widespread revolt against the Athenian empire
Persian Empire helped Sparta in the war against Athens, in return they had to get Iona back
Sparta destroyed Athens last ship
Sparta starved Athens by blockading the Polis
The kings peace, in which Sparta had to give up its empire but not its dominance in Greece
The Brilliant and cultured Philips II ascended to the throne in Macedonië
Philips II of Macedonië won a decisive victory over Athens and Thebes, often seen as the end of the classical period
for nearly two centuries people were playwriting and pondering about the universe and the humans role in it. (more inf.)
People were considered citizens in Athens if both parents were citizens, or exeptions, if they did something for the city
Sophists movement
Etruscans developed in North central Italy
Etrusscans spread south in military campaigns
The year Roman authors dated the founing of rome in the epic tale of Romulus and Remus
Story of lucretia and end of the monarchy
Next to the king there was a hereditary aristocracy developing like in almost every governing body of the ancient world (more inf)
Cincinnatus
Rome had a major setback as the Gauls invaded Italy, destroyed the Roman army and sacked them
After the sacking of Gaul Rome recouped and conquered Etruria.
Romans turned south and fought the Samnites in a series of wars. After some loss they eventually conquered the Samnites.
Pyrrus an excellent Greek general was warned about the Roman expansion. He decided to fight back. after a treaty with Carthage they won in the end
The Romans had conquered most of modern day Italy
SPQR
Patricians and plebians
Plebians won the right to meet in an assembley of their own
Plebians were allowed to run for Questors
Romans created a new office, that of Praetor
The plebians refused to serve in the military and wanted more rights.
Patricians surrendered their legal monopoly and published the laws of the twelfe tables
Patricians passed a law that allowed Patricians and plebians to marry eachother
The Concilium Plebis got an equel say in the senate.
Patron-client system
Carthage founded
Carthage began to expand
Rome and Carthage made a serie of peace treaties. that defined their spheres of influence.
The Romans took advantage of the Carthagian weakness to seize Sardinia and Corsica.
Hannibal, the new commander in Spain laid siege to saguntum
Hannibal marched the Alpes with tens of thousands of troops and a few dozen elephants.
Hannibal marched into Italy defeating the Roman troops one after the other. His greatest victory claiming aroung 50.000 soldiers lifes (battle of Cannea
Rome put the young commander Scipio in charge.
Scipio defeated Hannibal in a decisive battle at the town of Zama marking the end of the second punic war
Rome finally conquered Iberian peninsula after a bloody war
Roman armies won significant battles against Seleudic emperors in the battle of Pydna
The Romans made Macedonia into a Roman province
Romans attacked the city of Corinth which was part of another league of Greek city states
Rome expanded its republic in the mediterranean
The household in Rome and changes of it in the 2nd century B.C
Somewhere in this century slaves and free people were allowed to have a marriage like relationship called a contubernium
Both men and women could initiate a divorce
With the expansion in the Mediterranean Greek influence on Roman culture increased
The habit of bathing gained popularity in Rome , a greek custom.
The new land and absence of the citizens because of the war
Rome declared war against the rebellious Jugurtha
The battle against the Germans and turning point of the army
Rome was split into 2 political factions
Romans in the Italian pensilvania rose up against rome because they had to pay taxes and serve in the army but didnt get a political voice
Civil war broke loose from spain to northern Africa.
Plot to undo Sulla's constitutions was discovered and the rebels were put down by Cicero
Informal political alliance later called the first triumvirate
Pompey and the senate against Ceasar
Caesars return to Rome
the murder of Caesar by the senate called the Ides of March
Second Triumpvirate
Octavains army defeated that of Mark Antony and Cleopatra combined at the battle of Actium
The senate gave Octavian the name Augustus meaning revered one. this generally marks the end of the republic.
How Augustus transformed himself to emperor
Augustus's changes to the army
Augustus expansion
Year of the four emperors
The praetorians
Romana et Augustus
The 2 upcoming decades Rome would grow in size massively, a web of roads and sailing roads connected the vast empire
Slaves in the Roman empire
Late first century the gospels and record were the most copied and circulated accounts of Jesus life
Christian officials declare that the gospels of Jesus life will form the new testament.
Assembleys or congregations about Jesus
What made christianity popular
The Roman (non-believers) response
The Christians belief that Christ would come again gragually waned
Instead of houses in which they held their assemblies they now build churches
People debated and philosophized about Christianity, the belief became more formal and centralized power
Turmoil of the 3rd century
edict of Milan
Christians disagreeing with eachother led to schism 4th and 5th century
Council in Nicaea
Theodosius made Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire
The Christian church was considered independant from the Roman empire and the foundation for later growth had been laid.
Bishops were believed to have their spiritual ancestry traced back to Jesus apostels.
Patriarchs of the Christian church
Petrine Doctrine
the church started using its influence in the state more and more.
The rules of saint benedict
Christianity and classic culture
Women in Christianity
Christian teaching of sexuality and live of Mani
7th century, Byzantine-Greek-Christian empire and the Persian empire dominated the middle east
Most of Arabia is inhabited by the Nomads called Bedouins. They are tough fighters and control trade
Life of Arabs during and before Muhammad
Charter of Medina
Muhammad and his followers moved to Medina, this was the start of the Muslim calander called the hijra.
Mecca is considered the most holy city in Islam
Muhammad returns to Mecca with a large army
Muhammad's third succesors set up the first Qur'an as direct words of god to Muhammad
Other sayings and accounts of Muhammad were collected into books called Hadith
Crescent (the moslim symbol) prevailed throughout arabia
The developments of the Islam
The five Pillars of Islam
Sacred stories about Muhammad written down
A group of Muhammad's closest followers choose Abu Bakr as a caliph (or successor) of Muhammad
Ali, Mohammeds son in law was chosen 4th caliph but assassinated 5 years later
Conflict between Muslims who the successor is
The Umayyad clan, as Caliphs brought stability to the growing Mulsim empire. and established their capital at Damascus Syria
The Muslim faith continued to expand to India and west of north Africa
early tenth century muslims spoke of the mediterranian sea as a mulsim lake
Muslim forces crossed the straight of Gibraltar and easily defeated the weak Visigothic empire
Allthough Christian princes helped Frankish rulers in the northern mountains the Muslims took over most of Spain
The city of Cordoba
Muslims thoughts of Jesus
Treatment of other religions
The Caliphate was weakened and small Christian kingdoms started going south
Cross cultural influences
Frankish king Clovis converted to Chritianity and established a large kingdom in the former Roman Gaul.
The Merovingian dynasty was divided among Clovis's 4 sons
The governing of the Frankish kingdom
Women in the Frankish kingdom
Rise of power of the Carolingians
Fight for the papcy support
Pope declared Pippin III, Son of Charles Martel, KIng of the Franks over the Merovingians to prevent a civil war
Papal, threatened again by the Lombards came to Pippin for help
Government of Charlemagne
Family of Charlemagne
Charlemagne's monumental visit in which he got named empereor Augustus
The Papal named Charlemagne leader of the Byzantine empire
Intellectual and cultural changes by Charlemagne
The finest product of Northumbrian art, the Gospel book from Lindisfarne is created
Beowulf, an epic poem based on historical events in the 5th and 6th century being created
Treaty of Verdun
Chaos in continental europe
Three main groups invade western Europe
Vikings in Western Europe. 9th century
Charles the Bald of France had to raise seven thousand pounds of silver for the Vikings
When the Vikings invaded paris Charles the simple bought them off with a part of Northeern France. later called Normandy
Three claimants for the throne in England
Slavs in Europe
South and west Slavs created the state Moravia's
Morovian Slavs became Roman Christians
Ruler of Poland convinced the pope to set up an archbishopric there
Serbs were Orthodox Christians and Croats were Roman Chritians. This had a long standing impact
Between 5th and 9th century eastern slavs moved into what is now Russia and Ukraine
Ibrahim Ibn Jakob 9th century
9th century Vikings appaered in the land of Eastern slavs
Vikins finding out about the link between scandinavia and the black sea of south Europe
Vikings declared themself rulers of the Eastern slavs
The loose unification of the Slavic terretories was assimilated by the Vikings called 'Kievan Rus'
People in Kievan Rus
Group of European steppe people known as Magyars raided villages
Battle of Lechfeld
hungary 10th century
Muslim invasions in Europe 9th century
Muslims sacked rome
10th century Frankish, Papal and Byzantine forces were able to retake the land the Muslims had captured before
Rulers in some parts of Europe began manipulating insitutions and build up their power beggining 11th century
Feudalism
Feudalism for the clergy
Women as vassals
Manorialism and serfs
Slavery in the early middle ages
Alfred king of the west Saxons defeated the vikings and created a period of recovery and stability.
Harolds army defeated that of Harald and then marched south
Battle of Hastings
William the conquerer's plan
Domesday book
Hugh capet became leader of the Frankish kingdom after the carolingans
Most provinces of modern day France were added to Royal domain
Philip II France also set up a method of governing
Lay investure
People started referring to the loose confederations of duchies, cities and bishoprics as the Holy Roman Empire
Roger II Sicily took Napals and surrounding, called the kingdom of Sicily
His absense in the crusades and campaigns in the mailnad Italy made for the papacy to choose a French successor for Frederick
Law in the HRE
law in England
England law and church
John of Englands cavalary suffered a majr defeat against Philip Augustine of France
Magna Carta
Law in everyday life
Christendom
Economic revival
Rise of towns in the middle ages
Characteristic traits of medieval towns
The growing number of towns and municipalities
Paris was the largest city in Western Christian Europe, Corboda the largest city in the world
Merchants and the Guild
evolvement of towns
Many towns started forming craft guilds next to merchant guilds
Long distance travelling
11th century Italy and belgium led the West in trade
trade led to the opening of silver mines in all of europe to circulate large quantities of coins
In italy people started formalizing their agreements with contracts
Ventures of the German Hanseatic league illustrates the new business ideas
The 2 difficulties with the enormous growth in trade
Exchanging of bills was a normal commercial payment
Commercial revolution late 13th century untill 18th century
Causes for the hundred year war
Right of land
The throne
The 2 parties of the war
Propaganda from both sides
Start of the war with French sea raids
The war mostly consisted of sieges and cavalary raids from this point on.
Battle in Crécy
Battle of Poitiers
The able king Henry V invaded France at Agincourt
Henry V's troups were advanced untill the walls of Paris
Henry V died unexpectedly leaving infant son as heir
Charles VII was crowned king at Reims
The French kept being victorious and defeated the English at Aquitaine
All of France was back, only calais remained English
Aftermath
Representative assembleys
Assemblies held between knights and wealth residents
French assembleys
The Papal aswell as the Bishops posts became one of luxury and extravagance, many people were against
conciliarist
Lollards
Hus's followers succesfully defeted the papal and the emperor
German emperor Sigismund called for a great council
Периоды
archaic period
dark ages
classic period
hellenistic period
helladic period
hellenic period
Sparta expands and develops
Political reforms in Archaic athens
pre-Socratic develops ideas about the nature of the universe (start of philosophy)
persian wars
Peloponnesian War
Life of Aristotle
Thebes with city states rules Greece
Various kingdoms in and beyond Greece ravaged one another
Life of Hesiod, another
Greeks started colonizing e.a Siciliy, corsica, spain and parts of Gaul aswell as around the black sea.
Delian league
Life of Pericles
Sparta and Athens had a war because of the agression of Athens towards Sparta and some of its allies
life of Jesus of Nazareth
Pope Leo XI (more imp info)
pope Gregory VII
Pope Urban II
Pope innocent III
Pope Boniface VIII
Life of Hildegard
Clare of Assisi
First crusade
crusading ideal was expressed in 8 papally approved expeditions
Third crusade
4th crusade
King Olaf II of Norway spread Christianity fromEngland to Norway, Finland, Sweden and Iceland.
Queen Margarete united the crowns of Denmark, Sweden, finland and denmark in the union of Kalmar
life of An aristocrate, kingsman of Pericles and student of Socrates
Sparta fought Persian Armies for Iona, which they promised to return if Persia helped
Sparta launched an unprovoked attack on Athens and Thebes
life of Aeschylus
life of Sophocles
life of Socrates
life of plato
The Monarchial period
The Roman republic
The Roman empire
Ancestors of Romans start to settle on the hill east of the Tiber
the Licinian-Sextian laws
Struggle of the orders
First punic war
second Punic war
Third Punic war
Life of Ennius
Life of Marcus Cato or Cato the elder
Life of Scipio Aemilianus (grandson of Scipio)
The Turmoil of the late Republic
Life of Tiberius Gracchus
Life of Gaius Gracchus
Life of Gaius Marius
Lucius cornelius Sulla
life of Pompey
Life of Marcus Crassus
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Gaius Julius Ceasar
Battle between ptolemy and Cleopatra and Caesars Role
Life of Mark Antony
Life of 'Gaius Octavius Thurinus' or Augustus
The Julio-Claudians
Vespasian and the Flavians
The five good emperors
Pax Romana
Golden age of latin literature
Virgil
Ovid
paul of Tarsus
Life of Constantine
Late antiquity
Bishop Ambrose of Milan
Pontificate Pope Leo I (the great)
Pontficate Gregory I (the great)
life of Saint Anthony and the beginning of Monastic life
Live of Pachomius
Benedict of Nursia
Life of Saint Jerome
Saint Augustine of Hippo
Life of Prophet Muhammad
Life of Abd al-Raham
Period many scholars believe to be one of harmony between religions
Life of Charles the Great or Charlemagne
Life of Clovis I
The Merovingians 'Dark ages'
Life of queen Brunhilda
Life of Charles Martel
Life of Boniface
Life of Pippin III
Life of Alcuin
30 year war against Saxons
New cultural tradition emerged focossed on Christian sources
Scholar Venerable Bede
Life of Benet Bischop
Life of saint Hilda
Rule of Louis the pious
Normans seizing Sicily from the Muslims
Viking control of northern Europe reached its zenith
Varangian (Greek and Rus name for Viking) Ruler Oleg established his residence at Kiev
Rule of Géza and Spehan I
Great aristocrat families increased their authority in regions of interest
Anglo saxons and their battle with Vikings
Rule of Alfred of Wessex
Rule of the Viking Canute
Rule of Williams son Henry I England
live of Henry II
Life of Philip II, grandson of Louis VI
German king Otto I
Holy Roman Empire was wrecked by civil war
Rule of Frederick Barabossa HRE
Frederick HRE, made six millitary expeditions to the wealthy north of Itlay
Life of Roger Hauteville Sicilly
Rule of Frederick II of Sicily
Power in Iberiun penisula shifted from Muslim to Christian rulers
Rule of Louis IX France
Rule of Richard I the lion hearted England
Rule of John (was it really just John lol)
Europe enjoyed a steadily increasing volume of international trade.
Hundred year war
French fought back against the English and won back some teretory
Jean d'Arc
The church became less of a place for consilation
Pope Clement V
Babylon captivity
Reign of Philip IV
Pope Urban VI
The great Schism
life of William of Occam French friar
Mariglo of Padua Italy
Jan Hus
