Islam @ Medi - Prod ff @ summer, altering the round of the agri year - Exp of prod -> N & S - @ N = danger of frost, therefore, there was a shorter growing season, ^ labour req and a lower yield (counted vs them later) - @S = low rainfall therefore high labour req for irrigation - ff prod = ^ challenges (weather, maturation t 12m, req ^H2O and lab) - Invested in irrig and H2O conserv - Collected tech from Persia (e.g. water screw, bucket wheel, qanat = underground integration) - Innovations need proper us (mar 14, 701