King Alexander Jannaeus (High Priest & King) (jan 1, 103 BC – jan 1, 76 BC)

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Alexander Jannaeus, brother of Aristobulus I, ruled as both king and High Priest for almost three decades. He greatly expanded Hasmonean territory through military campaigns and made Judea one of the strongest powers in the region. Politically, he was one of the most powerful Hasmonean rulers.

However, from a Jewish perspective, his reign was deeply troubled because of his harsh conflict with the Pharisees and internal Jewish opposition. Civil violence broke out during his rule, and he became associated with cruelty toward his opponents. His reign shows the height of Hasmonean power, but also the moral and religious crisis inside the dynasty.

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