Revival of Trade and Commercial Growth (c.1000-1300) (jan 1, 1000 – jan 1, 1300)

Description:

- Agricultural technology and knowledge - three crop rotation system, heavy plough and farming tools
- Surplus food from higher crop yields enabled market expansion and supported growing populations.
- Towns and cities re-emerged as centres of trade and crafts.
- Expansion of domestic and international trade routes, especially in the Mediterranean and with the Islamic world.
- Development of merchant and craft guilds to regulate trade, prices, and quality.
- Regular trade fairs became key commercial events in Europe.
- Money economy began to re-emerge with the use of silver coins.

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