A German philospher, van grote invloed op de verlichting, Focault stelt bijvoorbeeld dat 'Kant invented human beings'.
Kant over de definitie v/d Verlichting: 'De Verlichting is de bevrijding v/d mens uit de onmondigheid waaraan hij zelf schuldig is. ''Saupere aude!'' = ''Durf te denken!'' (uit zijn essay 'Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?')
-3 critiques:
1. Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Critique of Pure Reason). 2. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Critique of Practicial reason. 3. Kritik der Urteilskraft (Critique of Judgement): Kant distinguishes the Sublime and the Beautiful (which is a balance of reason and intellect according to Kant). One can only judge something beautiful when it is: • Satisfactory without interest: This means, the experience can be satisfactory, but it’s goal shouldn’t be to satisfy you. • (Universally) Pleasurable without (requiring) a (universal) concept: When we talk about an artwork as universally pleasurable, it means beauty is seen as a characteristic of the object; ‘’This is beautiful’’ instead of ‘’ I think this is beautiful’’. You’re convinced everybody agrees. This judgement, however, needs to be subjective and therefore referring to a single object, this is a matter of feeling. It can’t be derived from a universal, logical concept since this would lead to a impure judgement of taste. • Purposive without a purpose: The shape of the artwork is perceived as purposive, beautiful within itself, in a subjective way, not its function (the purposiveness of the object itself). • Satisfactory as necessary: So, as said earlier, when you think something is beautiful, you experience it as universally beautiful; everybody must think it is beautiful, there is no way to disagree with this it is necessary. This is, (said earlier as well) a subjective judgement, based on feeling).
The sublime however, is judged differently since the sublime is formless and boundless, your intellect can't take it, it goes above your imaginative powers.
-Das ding an sich = A thing as it is in itself, not as it is by the perception of it (which is given by your senses). Therefore, ‘das ding an sich’ is unknowable. -Difference between reason and intellect: The intellect (understanding) has the ability to reflect on the things we experience with our senses. It is the capability to think logically, to learn, it’s based on facts. The reason has the ability to combine those things to one another, we can experience it as ‘the things we know’. -The view on mankind offered by Kant is considered as a Copernican Turn since Nicolaus Copernicus was the person which stated that the earth wasn’t the centre of the universe. Since people from his epoch (and before) had been thinking (for ages) the sun revolved around the earth, his statement (saying it was the other way around!) was very shocking. As radically different as Copernicus’ findings were, just as radical was the turn Kant made in his philosophy (first praising rationalism, later criticizing the very same thing).
