Ghaznavid Empire (jan 1, 1020 – jan 1, 1186)

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The Ghaznavid dynasty was a Persianate Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling from 977 to 1186. Founded by Sabuktigin, the dynasty expanded significantly under his son Mahmud of Ghazni, stretching from the Oxus to the Indus Valley and the Indian Ocean. However, it began to lose territory to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040. By 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the Ghurids. Although the Ghaznavids briefly retook Ghazni, it was eventually lost to the Ghuzz Turks and then to Muhammad of Ghor. The Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, but in 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurids, ending the Ghaznavid rule.

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