The Third Crusade (jan 1, 1189 – jan 1, 1192)

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The Third Crusade (1189–1192), led by Philip II of France, Richard I of England, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, aimed to reclaim the Holy Land after Saladin's 1187 capture of Jerusalem. Known as the Kings' Crusade, it recaptured Acre and Jaffa but failed to regain Jerusalem, the crusade's primary goal. Post the Second Crusade's failure, Saladin unified Egypt and Syria, posing a significant threat to the Crusader states. His capture of Jerusalem spurred the European monarchs, overcoming personal conflicts, to initiate the Third Crusade. Frederick Barbarossa's death during the journey demoralized his troops, leading to their return home. The crusaders' control of coastal Levant was secured after the Treaty of Jaffa in 1192, which also recognized Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowed Christian pilgrimages. Despite not recapturing Jerusalem, the crusade bolstered the Christian states in the region and set the stage for future crusades.

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