The Ptolemaic Kingdom (jan 1, 305 BC – jan 1, 200 BC)

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The Ptolemaic Kingdom, founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter in Egypt, lasted until Cleopatra VII's death in 30 BC. Established after Alexander the Great's empire fragmented, this Greek-ruled state was marked by the blending of Egyptian and Hellenistic cultures. Alexandria, its capital, became a cultural and intellectual hub. Despite its Greek elite, native Egyptians gradually integrated into the administration, especially if they adopted Greek ways. The kingdom expanded during its height but later depended on Rome, leading to its annexation after Cleopatra's defeat and death, ending Egypt's last dynasty and making it a Roman province.

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