Sasanian Empire (jan 1, 603 – jan 1, 628)

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The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanid Empire, was the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire, existing from 224 to 651 AD. It was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian king and spanned areas that now include Iran, Iraq, and stretching to the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent at its peak. The empire is notable for its significant cultural and political achievements, revitalizing Zoroastrianism as a unifying and legitimizing force, and competing with the Roman Empire (later the Byzantine Empire). The Sasanians established a complex administrative system and are credited with contributions to art, architecture, and learning, influencing future Islamic culture. The empire ended after a series of defeats by the rapidly expanding Islamic caliphate, marking a significant transition in the Middle East.

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