The Seljuk Empire (jan 1, 1071 – jan 1, 1099)

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The Seljuk Empire, a Sunni Muslim empire with a Turco-Persian culture, was established by the Oghuz Turks and spanned 3.9 million square kilometers across regions from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush, and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. Founded in 1037 by Tughril and his brother Chaghri, it became a Persianate society and played a key role in medieval geopolitics, including the Crusades. The empire's decline began in the 1140s, eventually leading to its dissolution by the end of the 12th century due to internal strife and external pressures.

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