Abbasid Caliphate (jan 1, 750 – jan 1, 878)

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The Abbasid Caliphate, established after the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE, was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by descendants of Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad, which became a cultural and intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age, fostering significant developments in science, culture, and the arts. The caliphate expanded to include a diverse range of territories and peoples, incorporating many Persian administrative practices and customs. Despite its initial strength, the Abbasid political power declined due to internal strife and external pressures, notably from the Iranian Buyids and the Seljuq Turks, who seized control of Baghdad in 945 and 1055 respectively. The Abbasid rule effectively ended after the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258, but they continued to claim religious authority in Cairo until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.

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