Umayyad Caliphate (jan 1, 661 – jan 1, 750)

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The Umayyad Caliphate, the second caliphate after Muhammad's death, was established by the Umayyad dynasty, starting with Mu'awiya I in 661 following the First Fitna. It expanded significantly, covering over 11 million square kilometers at its peak, including regions like Ifriqiya, Transoxiana, Sind, the Maghreb, and Hispania. The caliphate's capital was Damascus, and the dynasty is noted for making significant administrative and cultural developments despite challenges from various conflicts and succession issues. The Umayyad rule ended in 750, replaced by the Abbasids, but remnants continued in Córdoba, influencing the Islamic Golden Age with advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy. The Umayyads practiced religious accommodation, employing many non-Muslims, particularly Christians, in administrative roles and promoting economic prosperity across their diverse, multicultural empire.

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