Qing dynasty (jan 1, 1688 – jan 1, 1911)

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Under the Qing dynasty, China was ruled by the foreign Manchu, pastoral nomads. The Qing dynasty was created partially due to the military strength of the Manchu, and partially because many Chinese generals deserted the corrupt Ming dynasty. The Manchu were strong confucianists, which gained them the support of scholar bureaucrats who despised the eunuchs who controlled the Ming imperial court. The Manchus outlawed intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese, forced Chinese men to grow a queue, and forbade them from learning the Manchurian language. The Qing dynasty remained a highly centralized state, staffed by a bureaucracy of merit. Agriculture increased under this dynasty, largely due to the Columbian exchange. Foot binding continued. Little land in China is arable, but gosh darn it they made good use of the land they had available.

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