The Inca empire (jan 1, 1438 – jan 1, 1572)

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Located on the west coast of south America, the Inca empire was comprised of highland dwellers. They ruled as a bureaucracy and as a military, but did not really have a large enough population to rule. The Inca instead relied on hostages to control their subjects. They had a writing system known as quipu, which used knots to communicate information. They also used a system of labor known as the Mita system, in which everyone had to spend a period of their life working for the empire. The spanish later co-opted this system.

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