r. Francis I (jan 1, 1515 – jan 1, 1547)

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Francis I was a patron of the arts and oversaw series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire.

He led France throughout parts of the Italian Wars. After the Habsburg-Valois War (part of the Italian Wars), France had to increase taxes and borrow heavily. To raise revenue, Francis I tried to use the sale of public offices (only a temporary source of income) and a treaty with the papacy (Concordat of Bologna).

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