Wars in Lombardy (jan 1, 1423 – jan 1, 1454)

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This was a series of conflicts between the Venetian Republic and the Duchy of Milan for hegemony in Northern Italy, dominating Florence's foreign relations. Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan invaded Milan twice in the 1430's and again in 1440, and was finally defeated that year. When Cosimo's ally Francesco Sforza established himself as Duke of Milan, alliances changed and Florence supported Milan against Venice. Eventually, the peace of Lodi recognized Venetian and Florentine territorial gains and the legitimacy of Sforza rule. The Milan-Florence alliance would majorly stabilize the Italian Peninsula for the next 40 years.

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