"Age of Crises and Genius" (jan 1, 1600 – jan 1, 1700)

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Included population loss, economic decline, and social and political unrest. Climate change affected agricultural productivity, religious divides occurred, and government pressures worsened. Peasants and the poor were especially hard hit and frequently rioted. These caused governments to take emergency measures that grew army size, taxation, bureaucracies, and acquisition of land. There was also the flourishing of art and music.

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