Period 7: Civil War and Reconstruction (jan 1, 1860 – jan 1, 1877)

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Enduring Understanding: Radical Reconstruction responded to the failures of Presidential Reconstruction by passing laws and Constitutional amendments to protect African-Americans’ rights. Although this was initially successful and led to increased African-American political participation, Reconstruction eventually failed due to white supremacist violence, Southern resistance to Republican control, and Northern weariness with supervising the South.

Reconstruction was a success in that it restored the United States as a unified nation: by 1877, all of the former Confederate states had drafted new constitutions, acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and pledged their loyalty to the U.S. government.

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