(1830-70) - Highlands underwent processes of dearticulation, deurbanization, and depopulation following independence. (jan 1, 1830 – dec 1, 1870)

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If the highlands were seen in a very different light, as disconnected and less dynamic, this too had some basis in reality. They had been the center of the area's economy during much of the colonial period, but in the decades following independence (1830–1870), the highlands underwent processes of dearticulation, deurbanization, and depopulation. From its more integrated economy earlier in the colonial period, the region saw a return to production for local markets in each of the highlands' thirteen intermont basins, along with a general dearticulation of transportation routes and regional economies. (A. Kim Clark, The Redemptive Work : Railway and Nation in Ecuador, 1895-1930, pp 21-22)

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