Dungan Revolt | China (jul 1, 1862 – may 1, 1877)

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The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) or Tongzhi Hui Revolt (simplified Chinese: 同治回乱; traditional Chinese: 同治回亂; pinyin: Tóngzhì Huí Luàn, Xiao'erjing: تُ‌جِ خُوِ لُوًا, Dungan: Тунҗы Хуэй Луан) or Hui (Muslim) Minorities War was a war fought in 19th-century western China, mostly during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875) of the Qing dynasty. The term sometimes includes the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, which occurred during the same period. However, this article relates specifically to the two waves of uprising by various Chinese Muslims, mostly Hui people, in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces in the first wave, and then in Xinjiang in the second wave, between 1862 and 1877.

The conflict started by riots of the Hui and massacres of the Han Chinese, accompanied by the revenge killing of Hui by the Han.[2] The conflict led to a population loss of 21 million people due to a combination of massacres, migration, famine and corpse-transmitted plague.[3] Among them, Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million) of its population,[4] Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million) of its population,[5] Northern Xinjiang lost 72.6% (0.34 million) of its population.[6][7] Based on research by modern historians, at least 4 million Hui were in Shaanxi before the revolt, only 20,000 remained in the province while the rest of the Hui were all killed in massacres and reprisals by government and militia forces or deported out of the province. 700,000 to 800,000 Hui in Shaanxi who were deported to Gansu were massacred along the way to Gansu by the militia carrying out the deportations until only a few thousand of them remained alive. Many of them also died from thirst and starvation on the journey to Gansu.[8] Large numbers of Han people were also relocated to Inner Mongolia after the war.

The uprising occurred on the western bank of the Yellow River in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia, but excluded Xinjiang Province. A chaotic affair, it often involved diverse warring bands and military leaders with no common cause or a single specific goal. A common misconception is that the revolt was directed against the Qing dynasty, but no evidence shows that the rebels intended to attack the capital, Beijing, or to overthrow the entire Qing government, but to exact revenge on their personal enemies for injustices.[9] When the revolt failed, mass emigration of the Dungan people from Ili to Imperial Russia ensued.

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