Beginning in the 16th century and lasting until the earlier years of the 19th century, a relationship based upon trade formed across the Atlantic Ocean, prompted mainly by the slave trade. The parties involved were Africa, America, and Europe, and just like during the Columbian Exchange, there was a diffusion not only of cultural elements and goods but of disease and suffering. Europe sent manufactured goods, textiles, and luxuries such as rum to Africa. In Africa, men, women, and children were kidnapped and sold into slavery. America sent raw materials such as sugar, cotton, lumber, furs, and tobacco to Europe, and on and on the cycle continued. This was a closed circuit and each relied on the other to continue.