Ptolemy's Geography (jan 1, 180 – jan 1, 190)

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Ptolemy wrote his book called Geography during this time period. In his book, he created a grid structure to plot longitude and latitude (absolute location). He also estimated the circumference of the world which Colombus would later use to judge the length of the theorized route to China, but it was 10,000 mi too small. The map presented was not present in Geography, but was created from the description of locations in the book. As you can see, the Indian Ocean was theorized to exist and also theorized to be land-locked. Even in the 14th and 15th century, people still look up to this book as being scholarly, accurate, and convincing.

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