Kingdom of Tungning (東寧王國) (jun 14, 1661 – sep 5, 1683)

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The Kingdom of Tungning (Chinese: 東寧王國; pinyin: Dōngníng Wángguó; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tang-lêng Ông-kok), also known as Tywan by the British at the time, was a dynastic maritime state that ruled part of southwestern Formosa (Taiwan) and Penghu islands between 1661 and 1683. At its peak the kingdom's maritime power dominated varying extents of coastal regions of southeastern China, and its vast trade network stretching from Japan to Southeast Asia.

The kingdom was founded by Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) after seizing control of Taiwan from the Dutch rule. Zheng hoped to restore the Ming dynastic rule on the Chinese mainland, when the Ming remnants' rump state in the southern China was progressively conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Zheng dynasts used the newly-owned island as part of the loyalist movement aiming to reclaim the mainland China from the Qing, mainly as a base of military operations but also deepening the process of Sinicization on Taiwan, in an effort to consolidate the last stronghold of Han Chinese resistance against the invading Manchus. Until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683, the kingdom was ruled by Koxinga's heirs, the House of Koxinga, and the period of rule is sometimes referred to as the Koxinga dynasty.

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