Pope Paul III (oct 13, 1534 – nov 10, 1549)
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The Holy Office was established by Pope Paul III in 1542. This papal agency for the repression of “heresy” was also called the Roman Inquisition, to distinguish it from the Spanish Inquisition introduced in 1478.* The congregation of cardinals that came into being in 1542 was to “concern itself with the question of heresy in the whole of Christendom,” explains Adriano Prosperi, an authority on the subject. Of the Inquisitions operating during the 16th century, only the Roman Inquisition is still active, albeit with a different name and different duties.
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In 1542, Pope Paul III instituted the Roman Inquisition, which had jurisdiction over the whole Catholic world. He appointed a central tribunal of six cardinals, called the Congregation of the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition, an ecclesiastical body that became “a government of terror that filled the whole of Rome with fear.” (Dizionario Enciclopedico Italiano) The execution of heretics terrorized those lands where the Catholic hierarchy held sway.
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