Imperial Cholas--(XXPANDYAN) (jan 1, 850 – jan 1, 1200)

Description:

Tanjore--VIJAYALA
MADURAI--PARANTAKA I ( vallala,takkolam)

feaudatories of pallavas:
defeated : pallavas,CHERA,pandyas (ADITYA 1),rastrakuta(vallala battle)
lost to rashtra kuta (KRISHNA 3)-battle of takkolam.
BHAKTIII

parantaka--madurai eelam

rajaraja-mummudi cholan---unified Tamilakam

rajendra--Mudikonda, Kadaramkonda and Pandita Cholan,GANGAIKONDACHOLAN,Irattapadikonda Cholan---Chalukya-Chudamani, that is Crest Jewel of the Chalukyas

Kulothunga – Sungam Thavirtha Cholan




 3 states of ancient Sangam India
 CCP were referred as Muvendhar


 850CE re-emerges under Vijayalaya with capital at Tanjavur in Cholamandalam on Kaveri banks
 Shaivites – linga and Nataraja forms

The great Empire-slayers…
 Aditya I defeated Pallavas (870CE) and Pandyas and Cheras (903CE)

 Parantaka I (907–955CE) conquered Madurai in 910 and parts of Sri Lanka - (Maduraiyum Eelamum Konda Parakesarivarman) and defeated Rashtrakutas in Battle of Vallala but faced defeat in Battle of
Takkolam (949CE)


 Imperial Powers of “India”
 Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014CE)- attacked Pandyas, Western Coasts, Sri Lanka, Maldives, South East Asia –unified Tamilakam
 Mummudi-Cholamandalam – North East Sri Lanka. Constructed Shiva Temple


 Rajendra Chola – Attacked Western Chalukyas, Northern expedition 1023CE - Gangaikondacholan –
further expansion to south east Asia
 Rajendra I had titles of Mudikonda, Kadaramkonda and Pandita Cholan


Aspects
FORTUNE IAS ACADEMY
 Patronised Brahmins to enhance their legitimacy.
 Valangai (agricultural castes) and Idangai (manufacturers) divisions.
 Strong Navy - East and West coast and army. Padaividu was the military camps or cantonments.
 Punishments were not severe
 Kulothunga gave up the tolls to increase trade – Sungam Thavirtha Cholan
 Irrigation channels – Vativaykkal – criss-crossing drainage and supply channels in Kaveri – common tank
was called Enkalkulam
 Eriayam tax for irrigation repairs
 Alberuni visited
 Kalam was unit of paddy collected as tax from each veli (approx. 6 acres)
Aspects
 Bhakti movement spread – Thirumurai – saiva siddhanta
 Rajendra Chola I constructed a vedic college at Ennayiram
 Merchant guilds called Manigramam, Ainurravar (Ayyavolu), Anjuvannam (Guild of West Asian traders
from Malabar), Nakara (vaishnavite guild from AP) emerged stronger
Administrative divisions
 State was divided into provinces or Mandalams   ur
 A village big enough to be a Kottam was called Thaniyur
 Local organization (assemblies) – ur was led by urar assembly – they had administrative, law and order
and maintenance functions.
 Group of urs were represented by Nattar assembly (Nadu)– the pillars of Cholan empire
 Vellanvagai was land to non-Brahmins
 Sabhaiyar took care of the brahmadeya settlements (Sabha)
 Nagaram was assembly of traders and skilled craftsmen – led by Nagarattar
 The local administration like ur, sabha, nagaram, nadu were strictly Temple centred.
Uttaramerur Inscription
 Earliest inscription from Dantivarman (795-846CE)
 Parantaka Chola (919 & 921CE)
 Details about elections to the Brahmin assemblies or sabhas
 The system of election was called Kudavolai system
 Kudumbus (wards) and Variyam (executive committee)
 One year term for each member

Decline
 After a brief decline in 1070, the later cholas emerged due to matrimonial alliances with Chalukyas of
Vengi. Important King was Kulothunga I
 The growth of powerful local chiefs
 Attacks from Hoysalas and Pandyas
 Gangaikondacholapuram was ransacked by Sundara Pandyan in 1264. Kingdom fell in 1279 to
Kulasekhara Pandyan

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