William and Mary (jan 1, 1689 – jan 1, 1694)

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William III, also widely known as William of Orange, was sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s and King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II. Mary II was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, King William III & II, from 1689 until her death. Popular histories usually refer to their joint reign as that of William and Mary. William III was born in the Dutch republic and was known as the Prince of Orange (he is the reason carrots are orange today). He was a rival and enemy of Louis XIV of France and fought against him in the Nine Years' War after he had become King of England. This meant he was away from the throne for long periods of time. Mary was the eldest daughter of James II but was raised an Anglican unlike her Catholic father. She was married to William of Orange and when the defeated James II at the Battle of Boyne, she and William ascended the throne of England as coregents. William was often away fighting overseas, during which time Mary would be the ruler of England.

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