Roman Empire (27 BCE - 1453 CE) (jan 1, 27 BC – jan 1, 1453)

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Thirteen Emperors: (1) Augustus, 27 BC – 14 CE (2) Trajan, 98–117 CE (3) Aurelian, 270–275 (4) Diocletian, 284–305 (5) Constantine I, 306–337 (6) Theodosius I, 379–395 (7) Julius Nepos, 474–480 (8) Romulus Augustus, 475–476 (9) Justinian I, 527–565 (10) Heraclius, 610–641 (11) Constantine VI, 780–797 (12) Basil II, 976–1025 (13) Constantine XI, 1449–1453

Byzantine Empire (i.e., the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium): was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern Istanbul, formerly Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West diverged. Although, contemporary Romans did not consider the Empire to have been split into two separate empires but viewed it as a single polity governed by two separate imperial courts as an administrative expediency. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, and the Western imperial court in Ravenna was formally dissolved by Justinian in 554. The Eastern imperial court survived until 1453.

Western Roman Empire: Comprised the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court; in particular, this term is used in historiography to describe the period from 395 to 476, where there were separate coequal courts dividing the governance of the empire in the Western and the Eastern provinces, with a distinct imperial succession in the separate courts.

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