NA Civil Rights in USA 1865-1992
Category: History
Updated: 3 months ago
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Created bygabriella houghton
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Events
Key:
- Political = Purple
- Social = Pink
- Economic = Green
- Important people = Red1960s inspired by black power
began the Red Power movement
- had a more militant uptake, from AIM
- the different tribes put aside their differences
to unify for the first time properlyPost WW2 and Termination Policy
made it more influential that BP, as they became
more united after this to resist governmentNative Indian Youth Council 1961
- militant approach
- without this NARF and AIM wouldn't have been
encouraged to form
- first proper group put together (i think???)Attitudes of presidents like Kennedy 63
and Johnson
it allowed for more change to occur, despite
the want to assimilate NA being the main goal
- these presidents let go of that agendaMilitant action that was taken
was to oppose the position they had been put into
such as in ghettos and being urbanised
which made it easier for NA to unionise as they were pushed togetherAmerican Indian Movement 1968
- established and fought for NA sovereignty
- established groups to monitor streets causing
a decrease in imprisonments of NA youths by 60%Siege of Alcatraz 1969
- groups of NA tribes occupied the island of
Alcatraz
- demanding the return of the Ohlone Indians
- offered $24 worth of beads and cloth when refused they increase
it $80
- brought about more NA unity
_ the role of media helped to cover this issue and gain NA more attention
-NA were hit badly by the depression
many were already in poverty and needed
support
- allotment policy was abandoned
- though they had to remain on reservations
- and assimilation continued
-Wheeler Howard Act/ Indian Recognition Act
1934
Indian New Deal
- first move by government to aid NA culture and preserve it
-gave NA a greater role in administrating on their
reserves
- also ended Dawes Act
- protected NA rights to practice their own religion, assert
cultural identityPoverty was so bad that measures to
alleviate the situation did near to nothingBallot box amongst tribes was unpopular
as the concept of democracy was alien to them
so still weren't being "recognised" by governmentMeriam Report 1928
- highlighted the issues with conditions on
reservations
- leading to Rhoads ReformsRhoads Reforms 1929
- closed reservations schools and replaced
them with better ones
- also set out to improve hospitals and health careJohn Collier
- failed to see that some NA wanted to be
assimilated and that others wanted what they
used to have
- increasing lack of unitySociety of American Indians 1911
- created pressure but was limited
- first national American Indian rights organization run
by and for American Indians.
- Pan-Indianism
- educated 50 men and women
-1st attwmpt to unioniseBattle of Little Bighorn
- victory against Custer made some Americans
believe the violence was due to mistreatmentTwo-Off Reservations
- boarding schools were set up as education
quality on reservations was poor
- happened in Virginia and Pennsylvania
- schools taught NA Domestic Services for the girls
- a way to assimilate NA, which was Governments goalReservations allowed for farming communities and so
gave NA better health care and higher life expectancy
despite the poor conditions and lack of good soil
- despite governments attempts to remove tribal life
it continued to prosper and grow culture creating a
sense of belonging for NANavajo Tribe gained land from 4million acres
to 5 million acresDawes Act 87
- lasted for 47 years and took away 90 million acres of land
from NA
- turned some NA into land owners
and so they got full rights and citizenship
- governments move towards assimilating NA
- made NA wards of the state
- sold land to white settlersMassacre At Wounded Knee 1890Allotment Policy 1887 - 1934
- many NA couldn't cope with this policy
as it took away from their community way of life
- they sold their lands to white settler colonistsWomen who would be leading tribes lost their
status in the MatriachyHomestead Act 1862
- encouraged white Americans to settle
on the Great Plains
- taking land from NA and disturbing their way of Nomadic lifeGovernments ideology that was
upheld throughout the period is Assimilation
this prohibited any rights being passed until the 60s
and with the lack of unity amongst the 86 tribes at the beginning
of the period, it meant that it was even more difficult to gain
with this came the ideology of Manifest destiny causing westward expansion
allowing for later policies to be introduced to take away land from NA
to meet their ideologyIndian Homestead Act 1875
-passed 13 years act the original
homestead act as a sort of, after thought
- allowed for the introduction of the Dawes ActNixon and Ford both had Social Impacts
- by pursuing President Johnson's
example they set put programmes to aid NASelf-Determination Act 1975
Indian Education Act
- both passed by Nixon, allowing for NA Sovereignty and
made tribes responsible for themselvesRichard Oakes
- at the siege
- 10, 000 people came to help his case
- was wrongfully murdered, and the white man got off free
- His death caused a protest march
The Trail Of Broken Treaties
Adam Fortunate Eagle Nordwell
- mastermind behind the siege
- helped to negotiateWorld War 1
- NA fought with the whites against the Germans
- integrated through war effortsWorld War 2
- 75 000 NA worked in the defence industry
- 25 000 in the armed forces
- Iroquis tribe resisted being drafted
- due to the wars the federal funding for reservations
decreased causing NA to suffer more againThe Leavitt Bill/ Dance Order 1912 and 1923
- this was used to prohibit traditional dances and rituals
- AIDA formed as a resultNA in 1865 consisted of
86 different tribes
- but 1865 the beginning of the break down
of traditional practices and so less tribal rights
and more AmericanisationPlains War 1862-65
-The neglect of NA during the civil war
led to the Plains Wars
- some federal troops were settled on the plains
would be drafted and got replaced by others whom were
less interested in NA
- causing massacres like Wounded Knee in 1890, and Sand Creek in 1864Initially presidents and congress
would give NA the right to determine what happens
to their land
- this ended in 1871up until 1930 gov and congress
continued to destroy NA rights as they were only focused on
assimilating themIndian Citizenship Act 1924
- NA DID NOT WANT
- they did this act to give NA full US citizenship but
still denied them the right to vote
- so although they were wards of the state, depended on
federal funding they were also being assimilated against their
willNative American Rights Fund 1970
- fought for NA rights through the legal system
- fought for NA culture
- allowing for later SC cases to be passedJohnson's 'Forgotten American' speech
this showed gov's change in POV
- he set up programmes that would then be carried
out under Nixon and Ford.
- without this step, may have been harder
to gain more recognition and rights for NAHarrison v Laveen 1948
- after the right to vote was restricted the SC
ruled in favour of the NA
- but continued restrictions in the westLonewolf v Hitchcock 1993
- revoked all treaties with NA
- SC said they had no citizen rights
- were seen as wards of the state
- ended the 5 civilised tribes and everything they had negotiated forCheroke v Hitchcock 1902
-right to live according to their own lawsDue to SOA
it gained NA militant action through AIM attention
- this was important as at this time NA only made up
1% of the ballot box votes
- so by gaining media attention here, it would increase
awareness for NA rightsthe allotted land to NA was often poor of quality
so it made it harder to grow crops, resulting in poor
harvest
- which in turn made NA dependant on federal funding and food to surviveLakota Meat subsidies were stoppedIn WW2 it reversed many of the gains made by the
New Deal
- by the end of the War, Japanese Americans and Na
were forced into living on reservations togetherReagan's presidency lacked the funds
to continue the programmes that were emplaced before him
- the programmes introduced relied heavily on federal funding to work
- without federal funding it meant NA would have to struggle aloneNative Capitalism
- Reagan's view
- it was the belief of developing profitable
businesses amongst NA to to reduce federal fundingButterworth v Seminole
- Allowed for NA to build casinos
on reservations to allow for self-determinationUS v Sioux Nation 1980
- allowed compensation or $17.5 million plus interest
from 1877National Congress of American Indians 1944
- limited until Red Power movement in the 60s
- brought about more unity
- militant response to ghettoization
- forming more pressure groups
- had two female leaders, which helped to give back that matriarchy that was taken
away early onby 1950 1/2 of all Indian American
children were enrolled to public schoolsMuskogee Convention
- end of tribal govsPacific Railway Act 1862
further interrupted the nomadic lifestyle of NA
as rail roads were being built on the great plains for the white colonists5 Civilised Tribes 1838 - 1907
- adopted western practices and resisted allotment policy
- the Muskogee Convention in 1905 demanded
state of Sequoya
- gained economically due to their negotiationsFisher v Montana 1976
- secured rights for NA tribal courts to have
as say in the adoption of childrenCharrier v Bell 1986
returned remains from memorial grounds to
the tribeOccupation at Wounded Knee 1973
- sight of Lakota massacre 1890
- occupied by 300 NA lasting 71 days
- brought attention to the high unemployment of NA being 50%Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
Dee Brown
- written in the POV of NA, to raise awareness to what
they have had to cope with and go throughBureau of Indian Affairs 1947
- renamed this in 1947, originally was the
Office of Indian Affairs
- they controlled money for the development of NA
- for their education and reservations
- pursued affirmative action from this pointAmerican Indian Defence Association 1923
- involved John Collier
- campaigned for NA rights
- formed as a response to allotment and dance orderinitially 86 independent tribes
who had different cultures and ways to life
so lack of unity straight awayTribe/wars in 1890s
- it was caused by the clashing cultures of NA and White
settlers on the great plains
- due to this NA began fighting for independence, fore more
social and political gains
- however they couldn't stop the fight and give up as they had no
trade or "Americanised" way to aid themselves/ support themselvesSome tribes like the Navajo Tribe gained form it significantly
- livestock and crops increased so they could look after themselves
- . increase in the size of reservation from 3.5 million acre - 16 million acresPeriods
Gilded AgeNew DealBlack Power
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