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April 1, 2024
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apush review
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Events
1492 Christopher Columbus' Arrival
Contact Period + Columbian Exchange
Introduced to Old World: - corn, potatoes - diseases - tobacco
Introduced to New World: - horse, cows - (much of ecology disrupted) - the gun - the plow - diseases (ex. smallpox)
1607 Jamestown
Joint-stock companies
Encomienda System - Conquistadors protection + conversion to Christianity = labor from natives sugar harvesting + silver mining
Caste System: Europeans Mestizos (European + Native) Zambos (Native + African) African
1588 English defeat of Spanish Armada
Rhode Island Roger Williams Antinomian Controversy: Anne Hutchinson
1681 Pennsylvania William Penn - Quakers (Society of Friends) -later separated to Delaware + Pennsylvania
1729 Carolina split into north/south - plantations
Georgia James Oglethorpe
1650 to mid-1700s Salutary Neglect
New England Town Meetings
Chesapeake Colonies
mid-1580s - 1590 Roanoke Island (1st major English settlement) "Lost Colony"
Virginia: most were originally from Jamestown, died of starvation or disease Maryland: founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore
indentured servitude rural, dependent on agriculture (tobacco)
1619 House of Burgesses Virginia Company
1676 Bacon's Rebellion
Led by Nathaniel Bacon
1634 Maryland (Catholic)
1649 Maryland Toleration Act - freedom of worship to all Christians
1620 Mayflower Compact
Plymouth Mayflower - Puritans + Separatists
1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony - Congregationalists (non-Separatists)
1754-1763 Seven Years' War
1692 + 1693 Salem Witch Trials
King Philip's War Metacom's War (Wampanoag chief Metacom) - raids from Native Americans
The Pueblo Revolt (Spanish)
1730s + 1740s First Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield
Enlightenment - Francis Bacon - Thomas Hobbes - Rene Descartes - John Locke - Issac Newton
Mercantilism
1651 - 1673 Navigation Acts
Middle Passage (Triangular Trade)
Indentured servitude vs Slavery
French and Indian War
Albany Plan of Union - Ben Franklin - representatives from 7 colonies, wanted to include Iroquois
1763 Proclamation of 1763 (Appalachian Mt) Treaty of Paris - French-Indian War end
Pontiac's Rebellion
Declatory Act - "virtual representation"
Founding Fathers: - John Adams - Benjamin Franklin - Alexander Hamilton - Thomas Jefferson - George Washington
Social Contract (Hobbes + Locke)
1765 + 1774 Quartering Acts (Intolerable Acts)
1767 Townshend Acts
1770 Boston Massacre
1764 Sugar Act
1765 Stamp Act
Sons of Liberty
Stamp Act repealed (and later Townshend Act except on tea)
1773 Tea Act Boston Tea Party
1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Samuel Adams - advocating resistance to new taxes - protests + boycotts
Committees of Correspondence Mercy Otis Warren John Dickenson: Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
1774 First Continental Congress - Continental Association
Loyalists vs Patriots
1775 "The Shot Heard 'Round the World" - redcoats Battles of Lexington and Concord - minutement killed
1775 Second Continental Congress - Continental Army (George Washington)
1775 Olive Branch Petition - hope for peace
1776 Thomas Paine: Common Sense
1776 Declaration of Independence
1777 Battle of Saratoga - gained support (such as French)
1781 Battle of Yorktown - British General Cornwallis surrenders
1783 Treaty of Paris - independence
Outlawed primogeniture (inheritance laws)
Republicanism (representative gov) - natural rights - Consent of the Governed - Common Sense Declaration of Independence
Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law
"Remember the Ladies" Abigail Addams
Republican Motherhood
1781 Articles of Confederation - weak central gov
1787 Constitutional Convention - new constitution, in philadelphia
The Great Compromise New Jersey Plan vs Virginia Plan - two legislative houses (senate + house)
The Three-Fifths Compromise South (pro-slave) vs North - slaves 3/5 of a person
Separation of powers: checks and balances
Anti-Federalists vs Federalists
Federalist Papers Alexander Hemilton, James Madison, + John Jay
1788 Constitution ratified inclusion of a Bill of Rights (1st 10 amendments)
1786-1787 Shay's Rebellion
1791-1794 Whiskey Rebellion
1789 George Washington inaugurated
1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers
1796 Washington establishes executive privilege - refuses to turn over documents abt Jay's Treaty
1796/97 Federalist John Adams wins, w/ Rep-Dem Thomas Jefferson as vp
1798 Alien and Sedition Acts Opposition: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (declared it as void, more power to states)
XYZ Affair
Creation of Department of US Navy
First National Bank - loose construction (Hamilton) - implied power
Iroquois - split into many tribes (some supporting colonies, other with GB) Expansion led to clashes: Indian Tribes, led by Little Turtle vs Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys
1787 Northwest Ordinance - abolished slavery
Spanish mission system - vaqueros - Huan de Onate
Treaties with the Indians 1778 - Treaty with the Delaware 1784 - Treaty with the Six Nations 1786 - Treaty with the Shawnee 1781 - treaty with the Cherokee 1795 - Treaty of Greenville (many reneged)
1794 Jay's Treaty - avoided war w/ British, but criticized for too many concessions to British
1795 Pinckney's Treaty - discussing use of Mississippi River w/ Spain
Federalist vs Democratic-Rep - support w/ GB vs w/ France
1800 Jefferson beats Adams "Bloodless Revolution"
12th Amendment --> electors can vote a party ticket + pres can choose running mate
1801 - 1835 The Marshall Court Chief Justice John Marshall - judicial review
1803 Marbury v Madison - Adams' "midnight judges"
1819 McCulloh v Maryland (Marshall Court) - increased fed gov power vs states - National Bank right - precluded states from taxing US gov institutions "Necessary and Proper" clause of Constitution
The War of 1812 - US declares war w/ GB - natives support British
Embargo Act of 1807 - neutrality, tried to punish France + England - actually worse for US economy
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 - resumed traded w/o France + England - worsened economy, war tensions
1808 James Madison takes over - Napoleon renounces interference - trade w/ GB cut off
Federalists vs War Hawks
1814 British capture DC and set fire to White House
1814 Treaty of Ghent - Napoleon defeated, war ends
1814 - 1815 Hartford Convention - Federalists advocated for revision of Constitution or recession - viewed as traitors
1815 Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans (even tho treaty signed already)
Henry Clay's American System - protective tariffs - infrastructure/interstate roads - rechartering of National Bank
Cult of Domesticity
Regionalism: North, South, West
Territorialism: - Monroe Doctrine - Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson in 1803) --> Lewis & Clark - Indian Removal Act
"Trail of Tears"
James K. Polk becomes president - negotiated American-Canadian border w/ GB - Mexican-American War
Abolitionists - Frederick Douglass: The North Star, "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave" - Nat Turner: 1831 Virginia slave rebellion - David Walker: Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
1831 Nat Turner Rebellion
John C. Calhoun - argued states rights and slavery was beneficial for all
1819 End of good feelings
The Panic of 1819 - economic depression
1816 James Monroe becomes pres "Era of Good Feelings"
1820 Missouri Compromise - Henry Clay: "The Great Pacificator/Compromiser" - Missouri slave, Maine free - no slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36 30 parallel
1823 Monroe Doctrine - mutual noninterference - US dominance over Americas
Election of 1824 - end of the caucus system w/ congressional caucusses "corrupt bargain" - John Quincy Adams wins, appoints Henry Clay as Secretary (worked together to beat Jackson)
1828 Andrew Jackson wins presidency "common man"
"Tariff of 1828" "Tariff of Abominations" - bad for South's trade links w/ England Jackson favored states right, but against nullification
Jackson vetos the Second Bank of the United States - claimed to be unconstitutional - "pet banks"
Tarrif of 1832 - failed to lower rates of 1828 - S. Carolina nullified tarrif
Market Revolution - susbsistence --> market economy - power loom - National Road - steamship, Erie Canal - telegraph - Eli Whitney's cotton gin - interchangeable parts
Force Bill - troops would enforce these tariffs - S. Carolina still nullified - state autonomy vs federal dominance
1833 American Anti-Slavery Society was founded - so radical + dangerous, had women of high authority - members such as Frederick Douglass and Susan B. Anthony
1790 - 1840 2nd Great Awakening - sparks reforms; penitentiary - Dorothea Dix
Abolitionist Movement - The Moderates & The Immediatists
Temperance Movement - American Temperance Society
opposition from Henry Clay's Whig Party - resembled defunct Federalist party
Romanticism Transcendentalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne
Sojourner Truth "Ain't I a woman?"
1840 Elizabeth Cady Stanton (and a group of women) - barred from abolitionist conference b/c gender
Other Refroms: criminals, mentally ill, education, orphans and poor
1848 The Seneca Falls Convention - Elizabeth Cady Stanton - first women's rights convention - "Declaration of the Rights and Sentiments of Women"
1850 First national women's rights convention in Worchester, MA
Gold found in California
1848 - 1855 Gold Rush - Forty-Niners
also silver + copper mining, ranching
1862 Homestead Act - 160 acres of land, 5 yrs of cultivation
Manivest Destiny - John O'Sullivan duty to "spread civilization"
1836 Battle for the Alamo - "Remember the Alamo!" - Texans won independence
1846 - 1848 Mexican-American War
Pres. Polk orders troops led by Zachary Taylor
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Mexican Cession: $15 mil for New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah
1847 Abraham Lincoln "Spot Resolutions"
1863 -1869 Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad Boom Transcontinental Railroad
More contact w/ Asia b/c of clipper ship Commodore Matthew Perry - helped to end Japan's isolationism Missionaries (primarily Protestant) traveled to many places in Asia - American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions - Hawaii
Mormons: Joseph Smith + Brigham Young - Utah, polygamy
Immigration: - Irish - German - Scandinavian - Mexican
Nativism + Anti-Catholic - Know-Nothing Party "American Party" "NINA": No Irish Need Apply
1846 Wilmot Proviso - David Wilmot - ban all slavery in newly acquired territory during Mexican-Am war - failed
1848 + 1852 elections Free-Soil Party
Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
1859 John Brown - leads anti-slavery raid on Harpers Ferry, W. Virginia
1816 American Colonization Society founded - establishes colony in Africa (Liberia) - 13,000 black Americans settle
Compromise of 1850 - Stephen Douglas + Henry Clay - CA free state, strengthen Fugitive Slave Law, admitted Utah + NM under pop. sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1856 Dred Scott v Sandford - black slave was not citizen, no right to sue - Congress could not regulate slavery --> nullifying Missouri Comp, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and Wilmot Proviso
1856 James Buchanan elected president
Whigs + northern Democrats + Free-Soil combined: Republican Party
1860 Abraham Lincoln wins over the divided Democrat party
1858 Off-Senate election: Abraham Lincoln vs Stephen Douglas
1860 South Carolina seceded from the Union - followed by: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AR, NC, TN
1861 Jefferson Davis appointed President of Confederate States of America
South fires upon federally-controlled Fort Sumpter, S. Carolina Civil War begins
Border States - slave states supported the Union: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware
Union vs Confederacy
1863 Battle of Gettysburg - bloodiest battle - Union General Meade defeated Confederate General Lee + his plan to invade North
1864 Sherman's "March to the Sea" - Union General Sherman captured Atlanta and fought his way to Savannah
1862 Union victory at Battle of Antietam
1863 Emancipation Proclamation - freed all slaves in "rebellious states"
1863 Gettysburg Address
1865 End of the civil war - Confederate General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia
1865 Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth Reconstruction Period begins Andrew Johnson assumed office
1865 - 1877 Reconstruction
Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan"
Radical Republicans vs Moderate Republicans
1864 - 1865 13th Amendment - abolished slavery
1868 14th Amendment - citizenship
1870 15th Amendment - Susan B. Anthony + Elizabeth Cady Stanton refused to support - did not include women - Julia Ward Howe + Lucy Stone --> argued to support both black men too
1865 - 1870 Reconstruction Amendments: 13th, 14th, 15th
1868 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson - charges against Johnson were violation of the Tenure of Office Act - real reason could be b/c Johnson opposed Reconstruction - found not guilty
"Scalawags" + "Carpetbaggers"
Sharecropping - part of crop yields for right to work land owned by another - often constant debt
Jim Crow laws + black codes remained after Civil War: - Literacy Tests - Poll Taxes - "Grandfather" Clauses
Ku Klux Klan - rose in 1860s - white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration - public lynching against AA
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes is elected - beats Samuel Tilden (went after William "Boss" M. Tweed)
Compromise of 1877 - Hayes would become pres, but fed. gov had to pull out troops from South - ended Reconstruction, seen as failure
Age of Invention - mass production "captains of industry" and "robber barons"
1843 Telegraph inventor Samuel Morse received $30k to build forty-mile telegraph
1861 Transcontinental telegraph in operation
Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 + 1864 Funding and land grants to Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Factories and Assembly Line Henry Ford
Thomas Edison "Wizard of Menlo Park" - lightbulb - power plant: Edison Electric Light Station
holding company --> monopoly - Vertical Integration (legal): Andrew Carnegie's steel - Horizontal Integration (illegal): Rockefeller's Standard Oil
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act - wording was ambiguous, pro-business Supreme Court interpreted as it saw fit
1904 Northern Securities Co. vs United States - merger of largest railroad companies was monopoly, must break up - precedent to check on monopolies
Captains of Industry: - John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil - Andrew Carnegie: Carnegie Steel (United States Steel) -- Bessemer process - Cornelius Vanderbilt: New York Central and Hudson River Railroads - J.P. Morgan: J.P. Morgan and Co. --banking, bought companies
1899 Open Door Policy - Secretary of State John Hay - European spheres of influence in China - equal trading rights
Boxer Rebellion - Boxers opposed Open Door Policy - defeated by Western nations
Gilded Age laissez-faire economics
Financial Panics 1869, 1873, 1884, 1893 - speculation
Panic of 1869 Attempts by Jay Gould and James Fisk to corner the gold market - increased price of wheat, more farmers selling products on Gould's railroad - price of gold halved on Black Friday (Sept 24, 1869)
Panic of 1873 Speculators invested in banks tied to railroad industry - banks failed
Panic of 1884 - failure of major bank company in New York
Panic of 1893 - price of wheat crashed internationally
Child labor
1869 Kings of Labor founded - skilled + unskilled - led by Terrence Powderly, popularity declined
1886 American Federation of Labor (AFL) was founded - excluded unskilled workers
1935 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was founded - broke away from the AFL - accepted AA members - reunited with AFL in 1955 to create AFL-CIO
Unions + Strikes KoL, AFL, CIO
1892 Homestead Strike - at Carnegie Homestead Steel factory - protesting wage cut + refusal from Henry Clay Frick - Pinkerton Detectives were sent to prevent steel workers from protesting --> violence
1894 Pullman Strike - at Pullman Palace Car Factory - American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs - President Cleveland ordered Army to stop strike - Debs jailed, read Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto - leader of the American Socialist Party
"New South"
Mechanization: plow + reaper --> overproduction + debt
The Grange Movement - founded in 1867 - farmers called for liberal use of silver coins replaced by Farmers' Alliance - Mary Elizabeth Lease - grew into the People's Party --> Populist movement
Mass transportation --> urban development Immigration: ethnic neighborhoods, usually tenements
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
Asian, Italian, and Eastern European Immigration (2nd Wave)
1879-1880 Exoduster Migration Benjamin "Pap" Singleton - advocated AA moving west for opportunities - migrants were Exodusters
Ellis Island, NYC - immigration inspection station - assimilation
Political Machines + Political Bosses - jobs, housing, citizenship to poor immigrants for votes --> corruption - William "Boss" Tweed, leader of Tammany Hall
growth of middle class + consumerism
Central Pacific Railroad - Sacramento, CA - Chinese immigrant labor, mountainous Union Pacific Railroad - Omaha, NE - Irish immigrant labor, Plains, Native Am. attacks Promontory, Utah, 1869 --> Golden Spike
1862 Morill Land Grant Act - money for agricultural colleges
Near-extinction of bison b/c railroads
1864 Sand Creek Massacre
1876 Battle of Little Bighorn "Custer's Last Stand"
1890 Wounded Knee - Ghost Dance
Indian Reservation System Americanization
1887 Dawes Act
Carlisle Indian Industrial School - assimilation
Chief Joseph led his people, the Nez Perce, against removal
Jay Gould - corrupt
Carnegie: Gospel of Wealth Social Darwinism
Rise of Socialism Socialist Party of America - from ideas of Karl Marx - public ownership
1883 Pendleton Act - civil service reform, political positions based on merit
1881 Pres. James Garfield assassinated by Charles Guiteau Chester Arthur ascends to presidency
Spoils System: - Stalwarts: all gov jobs go to loyal Republicans - Half-Breeds: qualified Dem. should keep their jobs
1890 McKinley Tariff
1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff - decreased McKinley Tariff slightly - created 2% income tax
1869 National Women's Suffrage Association - founded by Susan B. Anthony
Temperance Movement Women's Christian Temperance Union
Settlement houses - led by women, for poor neighborhoods
Jane Addams Hull House
1893 Henry Street Settlement founded - community center for nurses
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson - "separate but equal"
Henry Ford automobile
"pop culture" - movies, radio, communication
Hoover Dam - hydroelectric power
Panama Canal
1890 - 1920 The Progressive Era
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act - under pres Benjamin Harrison, but later used by Roosevelt
1914 Clayton Antitrust Act - by President Woodrow Wilson - expanded on Sherman Antitrust
1914 Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
1887 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) - President Grover Cleveland - Interstate Commerce Act
Referendum Recall Election Munincipal Reform - city manager
Muckraking
1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes president "Square Deal" - destroy monopolies - "the trustbuster"
1913 Federal Reserve Act - Woodrow Wilson - created the Federal Reserve System - central bank of the US
Labor Reforms - child labor
1906 The Jungle Upton Sinclair - food industry
1920 19th Amendment - women's suffrage
1872 Susan B. Anthony arressed for illegally voting
Booker T. Washington - Tuskegee Institute W.E.B. Du Bois - "Talented Tenth" - headed the NAACP Marcus Gravey - founded Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - "Back to Africa" movement - founded the Black Star Line
1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) formed
United States Forest Service Roosevelt: "conservation president"
1916 Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic - founded American reproductive rights movement - founded Planned Parenthood
Harlem Renaissance - poets Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston - jazz (Jazz Age) - musician Louis Armstrong
1924 Immigration Act of 1924 ("Immigration Acts")
Conservative Presidencies Harding Coolidge Hoover - attempted to reverse progressive reforms
1920 18th Amendment Prohibition
1920 19th Amendment - women's suffrage
American Pop Culture - Harlem Renaissance - modernism - atheism - women
1925 "Scopes Money Trial" - John Scopes (teacher) violated the Butler Act by teaching Darwin's theory of evolution Lawyers Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan
Reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Eugenics movement
1929 Stock Market Crash - buying on margin
1829 Herbert Hoover - conservative pres - "Hoovervilles": ramshackle shacks of the poor
Great Depression
1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt becomes pres - highly liberal - "alphabet agencies" - New Deal - "relief, recovery, and reform"
1833 21st Amendment - repealed 18th - b/c of crime
John Maynard Keynes - British economist - deficit spending, "multiplier effect"
"Dust Bowl" Great Plains "black blizzards"
New Deal: - Banking Regulation - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - The Social Security Administration - National Recovery Administration (NRA) - created by the National Industrial Recovery Act - Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - Works Progress Administration (WPA) - Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA)
1937 Judicial Reorganization Bill - Roosevelt's attempt to "pack the court"
Russian Revolution First Red Scare "siege mentality"
1919 Palmer Raids - anarchist bombings - Attorney General A. Mitchel Palmer was one of the victims - govt. agents raided, 500 immigrants deported
1920 Sacco and Vanzetti - Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian immigrants - protests
1914 - 1918 World War I
Great Migration
1909 President Taft "Dollar diplomacy" - advantageous relationships w/ poorer countries
1898 US involvement in Spanish-American War - President McKinley sent the Maine - Maine exploded - drove Spain out of Cuba + Phillippines
1898 Treaty of Paris - Cuba independence - ceded Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US
"yellow journalism" William Randolph Hearst, war hawk
Teddy Roosevelt pushed for American entry into the war "Rough Riders"
Roosevelt Corollary - US could intervene
1914 Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated
1914 Wilson declares neutrality
1915 Lusitania sank by Germans unrestricted submarine warfare
1917 Zimmerman telegram - Arthur Zimmerman - "ruthless" submarine warfare + German-Mexican alliance
1918 Germany defeated, Armistice WWI ends
1919 Treaty of Versailles - total fault - cede German colonies/territories - reparations - disarm
Wilson's League of Nations
1918 American Expeditiary Forces win first major offensive
1919 US adopts isolationism
1930s Neutrality Acts
1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
1839 Germany invades Poland WWII starts
1939 - 1945 World War II Allies vs Axis
Adolf Hitler German "Aryans" superiority "Final Solution"
1937 Nanjing Massacre in China
"Asian Holocaust" by Japanese
Japanese Internment Camps
1944 D-Day invasion - Nromandy
1945 Hitler commits suicide Germany surrenders unconditionally
1945 Atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Manhattan Project nuclear age
United Nations was established
depression ends, job opp for women, federal power increases
1947 start of Cold War
proxy wars Korea and Vietnam
Policy of Containment
1947 The Truman Doctrine
1948 The Marshall Plan
1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - in response to Berlin blockade
1955 Warsaw Pact
Korea decolonized "temporarily" divided, Soviets in north and US in south
1950 US defends South Korea, Communist China defends NK
General Douglas MacArthur adovocated atomic bombs in china
1953 Armistice signed at Panmunjom NK/NK at 38th parallel
1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam indeoendent
1946 Franco-Vietnamese War begins
1954 France defeated by Vietnam Geneva Accords - "temporarily" divide Vietnam
Southern insurgents: "Viet Cong"
1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Johnson gets power to use military force w/o declaration of war - response to Maddox
1969 "Vietnamization" - Nixon
1973 Paris Peace Accords - US ends involvement in Vietnam
1975 Vietnam becomes communist
1964 - USS Maddox incident
"third world" pawns
"Mutually Assured Destruction" (MAD)
1957 Sputnik satellite by Soviets
1958 National Aeronautics and Space Association ("NASA")
1969 Apollo 11 US first to walk on moon
Arms Race + Space Race
1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
"Detente" policy - Nixon
1961 Berlin Wall
"Second Red Scare" McCarthyism - blacklisting, persecutions, paranoia
Military-Industrial Complex - Eisenhower
Vietnam war protests
The Pentagon Papers - Nixon's attempt to suppress info abt US gov action in Vietnam War
Energy Policy and the Oil Crisis - Us support for Israel - oil embargo by Arab countries
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC") - controlled the better part of world's oil monopoly
Nonviolent Protest + Peaceful Activism - Martin Luther King, Jr Civil Disobedience, inspired by Thoreau and Ghandi
The Civil Rights Movement
Violent Protest + Militant Activism - Malcolm X - Black Panther Party: "Black Power" movement
1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - attorney Thurgood Marshall
1965 Civil Rights Act of 1965
1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965
1968 Fair Housing Act of 1968
1978 Regents of University of California v. Bakke - affirmative action - quotas unconstitutional, but race could be a factor in university admissions
1967 Thurgood Marshall, first black justice on Supreme Court (Johnson)
1963 Equal Pay Act of 1963 - male / female equal pay
1966 National Organization for Women (NOW)
1973 Roe v. Wade
1969 Stonewall protest - gay rights
1974 Equal Education Opportunity Act - billingual education more available - Latino rights
1968 Indian Civil Rights Act - prevented civil rights abuses
"War on Poverty" Economic Opportunity Act
1963 Clean Air Act - air pollution
1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
1962 Silent Spring - book by Rachel Carson - pesticides
1981 Ronald Reagan becomes pres
1977 Jimmy Carter becomes pres
1979 oil crisis
1979 Iran Hostage Crisis
stagflation
1974 Gerald Ford becomes pres after Nixon resigns - pardons Nixon from Watergate - "corrupt bargain"
1973 VP Spiro Agnew (Nixon's VP) resigns
Watergate Scandal
1969 Richard Nixon becomes pres - "silent majority"
1966 Miranda v. Arizona - inform individuals before interrogating
1963 Lyndon B. Johnson becomes pres "Great Society"
1953 - 1969 Warren Court - Chief Justice Earl Warren
1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 - increase in non-European immigrants - as a result of "baby boom"
middle-class migration to suburbs "Sun Belt"
1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 - "white flight" phenomenon
rock and roll Elvis Presley
"Counterculture" Movement - Beatniks - Hippies - Yippies - sexual revolution - drugs vs Conservative Traditionalists - Religious Right
1965 Griswold v. Connecticut - contraceptives - "right to privacy"
1963 JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
1965 Malcolm X shot - leader of Nation of Islam African American movement
1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. shot by James Earl Ray
1968 Robert F. Kennedy shot by Sirhan Sirhan b/c of Kennedy's support for Israel
Carter's "Malaise Speech" - complained that US had "crisis of confidence"
"Reaganomics" Trickle-Down Economics "Supply-Side Economics"
Periods
(1491 - 1607) Period 1: Early Contact w/ the New World
(1607 - 1754) Period 2: Colonization of North America
(1754 - 1800) Period 3: Conflict and American Independence
(1800 - 1848) Period 4: Beginnings of Modern American Democracy
(1844 - 1877) Period 5: Toward the Civil War and Reconstruction
(1865 - 1898) Period 6: The Industrial Revolution
(1890 - 1945) Period 7: The Early 20th Century
(1945 - 1980) Period 8: The Postwar Period and Cold War
(1980 - Present) Period 9: Entering into the 21st Century
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