BeiBei ZHAO

267 History of kingdom of WEI Queen Himiko and the kingdom of Yamatai 3rd century (around 201-300), late Yayoi, early kofun -- great mound, probably 100 paces in diameter Society of small “kingdoms” in constant warfare United under Queen Himiko Location of Yamatai is still unknow

Origins? The late and sudden spread of rice growing and iron making? followed by new economic, military and religious change during the Yayoi period horseriders? Myth: ethnically homogenous and unique Japanese Reality: multicultural Japan.

1199 Yoritomo dies rise to power of Hojo Masako(1157 -- 1225) wife of Yoritomo The rise of Hojo regents 1203 -- Hojo Tokimasa (Yorimoto's childhood guardian)assumes post of regents to Yorimoto's son Yoriie Kyoto and Kamakura have cordial relations 1219 Murder of Minamoto no Sanetomo 1221 Emperor Go-toba revolts. Declares Hojo regent, "an oulaw" 1232 Joei code "The spirit of samurai aministration"

Three great warriors: Kusunoki Masashige (1294 - 1336) -close to G0 - Daigo Nitta Yoshisada ( 1331 - 38) Ashikaga Takauji ( chief general of Hojo in 1333)

Late 6th century The beginnings of Asuka Enlightenment a. Turmoil on the continent b. amoung Uji: split between pro and ant Buddhist factions(550s ~) c. Rise of Soga (Soga no Umako) d. 592 - accession of Queen Suiko (554-628)

604 17 Article Constitution

607 Horyuji (Temple)

645 Coup d'Etat violent overthrow, big changes assassination of the leading members in soga family ( Led by members of a rival Uji to the Soga) Nakatomi no Kamatari and Prince Tenchi Nakatomi no Kamatari == later Fujiwara

Fujiwara Nakatomi no kamatari (the highest point of Fujiwara family) and the group of 645 intermarriage with imperial family as key to power regents Sugawara no Michizane(845-903 -- opposes Fujiwara tremendous wealth and ostentatious mansions How so wealth? shoen

Shoen or "estate system" shoen == private landholdings essentially outside of government control grow by process of commendation

1156 Hogen DIsturbance The rise of Taira clan (Taira no Kiyomori 1118-81) Create a foundation of Samurai government

1159 Heiji Incident War Tales: The Tale of Heike( c.1380) Minamoto clan : 源氏因不满自己在Hogen中立了大功却比Taira得到的奖励少，于是起兵囚禁天皇并杀死天皇亲信，在外的Taira no Kiyomori立刻赶回并打败源氏 Taira clan 因此正式确认专政的地位

Renewal and revitalization efforts after Genpei War Rebuilding of Todaiji ( 1180 great Buddha hall burnt to the ground) 1100s -- 1400s contact resumes with China

Minamoto no Yoritomo: The First Shogun 1192: いい国 Dual Government Court shares the authority of Emperor 意味着后平安时代（皇权即使减弱但依旧至上的时代）结束 Kamakura capital Rewarding loyalty with lands: Yorimoto gives visibility to new bushi Founds power on Shoen or Housemen Yorimoto as muse

500 B.C.E. kara monsoon winds -- ample rain -- wet rice farming (probably because of emigrants from the continent) more efficient use of environment

First embassy 600

Emperor Tenchi 626-672 CE Tenmu become emperor 631-686 CE (Tenmu is Tenchi’s younger brother)

Public lands 1. peasantry and land belongs to emperor (as opposed to uji control of lands 2. naionally controlled rice fields under emperor dominated policy

mid-Heian mid -10th century Fujiwara political an economic ascendance

Disorder during Hojo regency Mongol Invasions (1274 and 1281) builded a wall at Hakata, Kyushu Kamikaze Akuto in countryside The loyalty of warriors toward shogun decrease 1293 Earthquake: 2000 people dies Early 1300s: Hojo Sadatoki as despot Dies at 1311 9-year old Takatoki becomes regent Like ritual dancing dog-fighting All of them lead to a restoration of Imperial Authority and the end of The Kamakura Bakufu

Earliest Time: 11,000 - 300 BCE Jomon period Dietary: Shell Mounds New Technologies Pottery -- cord markings 绳文

11000-5000 B.C.E Incipient Jomon

5000-2500 B.C.E Early Jomon

2500-1500 B.C.E Middle Jomon

1500 - 300B.C.E Late and Final

300 B.C.E. - 300 C.E. Yayoi Culture DIfferences from Jomon: genetically different Ways of Accessing Yayoi Culture: The Chinese Dynastic Histories Pottery( Yayoi as place name in Tokyo where pots of period first found) Burial Remains: Yoshinogari -- pottery and bronze mirror/coins Bronze Implements: Remnants of Iron tools and weapons

250 - 592 C.E. The Tomb Period (a.k.a Kofun Period) The Yamato Kingdom Three subdivisions

250- 400 C.E Yamato kingdom flourishes sacral and secular functions (claims authority in both secular and religious context) Ise Shrine Ruler’s authority roots in Shinto myth

400- 500 C.E. *Yamato expansion Yamato kings manifest power overseas in military campaigns build ever greater tombs improve agricultural technology and irrigation system

500 C.E. Yamato Disruption (preparsatory period for Asuka enlightment) Preoccupation with improved administrative techniques: reading, writing, bookkeeping, and registration of households

592 - 710 Asuka period

Prince Shotoku(574 -- 622) 600 Fisr embassy sent to Sui Court (Xi'an) -- Subsequent missions to Tang capital study abroad trips (recurring) Adoption of Chinese style calendar

645 - 680s Taika reforms New Administrative Arrangements: 702 Taiho Code Major innovations redefinition of political systems Department of State(dajokan) Department of Worship (jingikan) new administrative division and Political boundaries 66 provinces(divided into 592 districts)

Naniwa 646 - 686

Fujiwara 694 - 710

Nara 710 - 784

Nahaoka-kyo 784 - 794

Heian-kyo 794 -- 1868 "Capital of peace and tranquility"

794 -- 1185 Courter rulership in Heian Age (Classic Age of Japanese Aristovracy)

710 -- 794 Nara Period Heijo-kyo (平京城) Pestillence (small-pox 753 -737) Natural disasters

Moving capitals 784-94, 794 - 1185 Kanmu tenno (781 - 806) Only have 2 temples (抑制寺庙对人的影响)

Early Heian Period of imperial assertion and vigorous imperial rule Taiko reforms(645) and "Public lands"

Late 9th century - 967 Emperors manage to retain power despite encroaching power of Fujiwara and growth of Shoen

967 -- 1068 Fujiwara regency politics (northern branch of Fujiwara establishes permanent regency)

1068 -- 1185 Insei rule by cloistered emperor Late Heian period: Multiple center: because of the shoen system Aristocrats and imperial family in Heian-kyo Military: in elsewhere, such as their own shoen Emperor rely on support from ranking nobles to reign Women become highest- ranking consorts of imperial family Male clan heads become “regents”

Japan's Middle Ages == Late 12th century through 16th century *The rise of Warrior Class and Warrior Ruleship Hybrid political world Genpei Wars

1180 - 1185 Genpei war 1180 revolt against Taira -- Minamoto no Yoritomo 因为Heiji Incident的失败，整个Minamoto家族被流放，他因此认识了他的妻子 1185 Battle of Dannoura: Taira armies vanquished An ecological explanation of Genpei war Dry of Taira’s land (scholar knows this fact by observing the trees’ rings) lead to the support and pay to warriors decrease.

1185/1192 -- 1333 Kamakura period 1185 -- kamukura regime 1192 -- court names Yoritomo "barbarian-subduing Generalissimo" or shogun

Go-Daigo 1288-1339 1318 Enters monastery as retired emperor Reflects: What's the purpose of an emperor 1321 Go-Daigo assumes active role as emperor 1331 plots restoration, foiled and is banished to Oki 1333 Escapes from Oki land 1333 Destruction of Kamukura bankufu 1334 Go-Daigo proclaims Kenmu restoration (of imperial power) 1336 Ashikaga Takauji turns against Go-Daigo and places someone else on throne

The Northern (Kyoto) and Southern Courts (Go-Daigo) 1336 -1392

Ashikaga Takauji and Muromachi shogunate 1338 - 1573 Legitimacy of Ashikaga rule: claimed to be successors of Minamoto About 130 years of relative peace and stability

1338-1467 A new kind of warrior rule under the Ashikaga Shogunate -- A decentralized order a. week control of land in provinces b. social disorder c. by early 1400s, no much central power, Power divided among local families which enjoy relative independence

1392 - ca. 1490 Expansion of Trade and Commerce during Muromachi Towns below the castle -- Jokamachi Sakai and Hakata: Commercial centers on the Inland Sea Wako " Japanese Pirates" -- expansion of piracy after 1350s

Period of Warring States Onin War (1467 - 1477) Bigger castles

Higashiyama Period 1483 -- 1490 High Point of Medieval Japanese Culture

Nascent State Formation (300-400) 1. Hegemonic political structure 2. Rule over dispersed subjects (tax, tribute) 3. Military power 4. An elite class supported by agricultural surplus 5. High population concentration in settled areas 6. Craft and technical specialist group 7. Diplomatic contact with rulers in Korea and China

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