APUSH History
Category: Other
Updated: 4 May 2023
Contributors
Created byJakob Villarreal
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Events
Christopher Columbus lands in the Bahamas, starting Columbian ExchangeTreaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain is signedNoche Triste attack on Aztecs by conquistadoresBattle of Acoma between Spanish and Pueblo peoplePope's Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt)Father San Junipero Serra founds first California MissionFirst settlers arrive in JamestownFirst Anglo Powhatan War ends with Pocahontas and John Rolfe MarriageSecond Anglo Powhatan War in Virginia startsSecond Anglo Powhatan War ends, banishing Powhatans from their landsFirst African American Slaves arrive in JamestownVirginia House of Burgesses is createdVirginia is made into a royal colony, with private charter revoked, as King James 1 witnessed colonial failureMaryland is founded by Lord BaltimoreMaryland Acts of Toleration are passed, giving religious freedom to almost all christiansEngland secures the colony of Jamaica in the West IndiesBarbados Slave Codes passed in West Indie ColoniesSettlers arrive in South Carolina from West Indies- Carolina colony createdNorth Carolina separates from South Carolina and becomes its own colonyColony of Georgia is formally foundedJohn Rolfe perfects Tobacco culture in VirginiaPilgrim separatists depart from Britain to HollandPilgrims arrive in Plymouth Massachusetts under Mayflower CompactPilgrim settlement merges with Massachusettes Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony started after recieving royal charterAnne Hutchinson put on trial and eventually leaves from Massachusettes Bay ColonyBay Colony banishes Roger Williams, goes on to create Rhode Island in 1636Constitution is ratified by 12 of the 13 colonies (Rhode Island in 1790)George Washington is drafted as first presidemtBill of Rights is adopted to ConstitutionWilliam Penn founds Pennsylvania colonyPequot War starts as a result of pushes inward to the Connecticut River valley by colonistsConnecticut River colony founded under Fundamental OrdersBacon's rebellion is started in VirginiaStono River slave revolt in South CarolinaHalf-Way Covenant is proposed in New EnglandSalem Witch Trials in Massachusets, 1692Declaration of Independence is signed after motion by Richard LeeMolasses Act is passes to cut off smuggling with the French West IndiesDominion of England was created out of Massachusets by LondonGeorge Whitefield gives his preachings of the Great AwakeningZenger trial occured and allowed free press to dissent against political figuresEdict of Nantes was issued by French crownWar of Jenkin's ear breaks out between British and Spanish- evolves into King George's warPeace treaty for King George's war is crafted, giving France Louisberg7 Years war is touched off with English encroachment of Fort DuquesneAlbany Congress is called7 Years War ends with Treaty of ParisPontiac's Uprising lays siege on DetroitProclamation of 1763 is passed to limit conflict between backcountry colonists and nativesNavigation Laws are passedSugar Act of 1764 is passed as first ever law to collect tax revenueQuartering Act of 1765 passedStamp Tax of 1765 creates direct tax on paper products with stampsStamp Act Congress is assembled to plead repeal of the taxesStamp Act is repealed by parliamentDeclaratory Act reaffirms Parliament's full jurisdiction over the coloniesTownshend Acts passed, creating new indirect regulations of glass paint and other itemsBoston Massacre breaks out as a result of growing tensionsCommittees of Correspondence were formed in 80 towns to facilitate resistance movementsBoston Tea Party occurs, angering the BritishIntolerable Acts are passed: Boston Port Act, Quebec ActPaxton Boys lead march on Philidelphia, protesting liberal native policiesFirst Continental Congress summoned in Philidelphia, creating the AssociationLexington and Concord breaks out and begins Revolutionary WarThe Second Continental Congress meets in Philly, hoping to console the fightingOlive Branch Petition is pleaded to King George III, a last effort for loyalty to crownCommon Sense by Thomas Paine is publishedAfter Saratoga, the French offer vital alliance to patriots of RevolutionThe Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the Iroquois and colonists is signedTreaty of Paris of 1783 recognizes U.S independenceVirginia Statue for Religious Freedom is passed by Thomas Jefferson and supportersArticles of Confederation are established to show French proof of a governmentLand Ordinance of 1785 acquired disputed Northwest territory and split it up into various sections for saleNorthwest Ordinance of 1787 is passed, setting up a path for new states to be admitted to countryShay's Rebellion, made up increasingly indebted farmers, flared up in western Massachusetts in demand of lowered taxesConstitutional convention meets in Philidelphia to remake a national doctrineSlave Trade is abolished after Constitution gives congress such permissionDelaware becomes the first state to ratify the ConstitutionBolshevik Revolution breaks out in Russia, sparking communist fear in AmericaRed Scare (1919-1920) begins fervently in USCriminal Syndicalism Laws are passed out of Red Scare fearsNicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are put on trial for alleged murder; electrocuted in 1921Emergency Quota Act sets maximum immigration quota of 3% of 1910 populationImmigration Act of 1924 sets quota to 2% of 1890 population18th Amendment is passed along with Volstead act, banning alcoholScopes Trial takes place, condemning a teacher for instruction on Darwinian EvolutionUnited Negro Improvement Association made by Marcus Garvey to support resettlement if AfricaAdkins vs. Children's Hospital Supreme Court case undoes Muller vs. OregonEsch-Cummins Transportation Act to encourage private consolidation of railroadsWashington Conference takes place with all major naval powers to promote disarmamentNine-Power Treaty passed to maintain ratios of naval armaments allowedKellogg-Briand Pact is signed between 62 nations "promising" no more offensive wars (ineffective)Fordney-McCumber raises tariff to 38.5 averageTeapot Dome Scandal within Harding Administration, ruining its reputationDawes Plan is proposed by Charles Dawes to help resolve complicated debtsHoover passes debt moratorium to help relieve depressionWilliam Harding dies and Coolidge takes overCoolidge officially elected to presidencyHerbert Hoover is elected as presidentAgricultural Marketing Act passed by Hoover administration, creating the Federal Farm BoardBlack Tuesday! Stock Market crashes and Depression beginsHawley-Smoot Tariff sets rates to the highest they have been in peacetimeHoover signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act, banning yellow-dog contractsReconstruction Finance Corporation, passed by Hoover acted as indirect federal bank for business during depressionFranklin D Roosevelt wins election against Hoover (in comes New Deal)Emergency Banking Relief Act by examining banks for reopeningFDR holds the first Fireside Chat to bring up moraleCivilian Conservation Corps created to employ young men in conservation workFederal Emergency Relief Administation granted money to states for various work projectsAgricultural Adjustment Act pays farmers to reduce surpluses and aids with mortgagesTennessee Valley Authority created to help Tennessee Valley with drought and establish hydroelectric powerBanking Act (Glass-Steagall) created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insuring 5,000 amongst bank failuresNational Industrial Recovery Act to help regulate fair competition codes with businesses and laborersPublic Works Administration contributed billions to infrastructure projectsCivil Works Administration employs millions in construction of various public buildings and utilitiesGold Reserve Act of 1934 uptakes all gold to the Treasury in exchange for Managed CurrencySecurities Act 1934 signs the SEC into law to help with stock market regulation and oversightIndian Reorganization Act promotes tribal and cultural integrityWorks Progress Administration provided further jobs in infrastructureSupreme Court declares NIRA unconstitutional for restraint of interstate commerceNational Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) recognized labor unions federally with National Labor Relations BoardSocial Security Act created pension system for old age and disabled (still around today)Agricultural Adjustment Act declared unconstitutional (state function, not federal)Roosevelt wins 2nd term as presidentFDR proposes court-packing plan but with no availFair Labor Standards Act sets minimum wage and maximum hours (also prohibits labor under 16)London Economic Conference is held to attemptedly attack Depression globally, but FDR walks outTydings-McDuffie Act plans to give Philippines freedom by 19467th Pan-American Conference is held, endorsing FDR's Good Neighbor PolicyReciprocal Trade Agreements passed to give low tariff rates to nations who reciprocateNeutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937 are all passed to anticipate warNeutrality Act of 1939 passed to allow Cash and Carry basis or munitions supply to nations in warSelective Service Act is passed, creating first peacetime draftFDR creates the War Refugee BoardNazi Germany invades Poland, starting WW2!France surrenders to Nazi invasionFDR wins 3rd election against Wendell WilkieThe Atlantic Conference is held between U.S and Britain and the Atlantic Charter is releasedThe U.S merchant ship, the Greer, was sank by Nazi torpedoesPearl Harbor attack!U.S enters WW2 after Pearl HarborExecutive Order 9066 is passed, putting many Japanese-Americans in internment campsKorematsu vs. U.S upholds internment, despite racismMany New Deal programs (CCC, WPA, NYA) are repealed to prepare for warWar Productions Board established to mobilize productionsJudiciary Act of 1789 organizes the SCOTUS and various federal state courtsCongress creates Funding at par policy to pay off debts at face value, per Hamiltonian desireExcise Tax is passed on some domestic items, like WhiskeyThe first tariff law is passed at an 8% rateBank of the United States created per Hamilton visionWhiskey Rebellion breaks out in Philadelphia but is put out by WashingtonReign of Terror during French Revolution begins, creating divides in American party opinionWashington's Neutrality Proclamation is issued regarding war between Britain and FranceTreaty of Greenville signed between U.S and Miami indians, the first treaty of its kindJay's Treaty is signed between U.S and Britain, with terms that deepened the political party dividesPinckney's Treaty between U.S and Spain gives U.S western Florida and Mississippi navigation rightsGeorge Washington leaves office and delivers Farewell Address famous for its stance on alliancesJohn Adams is elected second President of the U.SXYZ Affair reaches U.S and enrages FederalistsConvention of 1800 ends quasi war, ending French-U.S allianceAlien and Sedition Acts are passed in response to War-frenzy (deepens party devideJefferson is elected 3rd President of the U.S (Revolution of 1800)Jeffersonians enact new naturalization laws to undo Alien and Sedition ActsJudiciary Act of 1801 created 16 judgeships filled up by John Adams in lamd duck periodMarbury vs. Madison sets up precedent of judicial review for SCOTUSNorth African Barbury pirates under Tripoli declare war on U.SHaiti Revolution overthrows French rule successfullyLouisiana Purchase treaty is signed by Robert Livingston for 15 millionCorps of Discover under Lewis and Clark sent to explore vast Louisiana territoryAaron Burr shoots alexander Hamilton in duelJefferson reelected, now faced with war to handleOrders in Council issued by London, closing French ports to foreign shippingChesapeake affair occurred when British captain seized "deserter sailors" on American shipsEmbargo Act forbids export of all goods from U.S but with little successNon-Intercourse Act reopened trade with all nations byt Britain and FranceMacon's Bill No.2 offered to reopen trade with France and Britain to embargo with the otherBattle of Tippecanoe instigated by William Henry Harrison in response to Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa's plansMadison calls to declare War of 1812Naval Tripoli War endsBattle of New Orleans marks astounding U.S victoryTrenty of Ghent is signed, merely with both sides agreeing to stop fightingHartford Convention held by extreme federalists hoping to curb agrarian dominant government during war- END OF FEDERALIST PARTYRush-Bagot agreement between Britain and U.S limited armaments on lakes (response to Canadian sea battles)Congress brings revived national bank (nationalism :))Tariff of 1816 passed (20-25%) as protection to U.S industries with British merchants flooding markets with cheap goodsErie Canal is completed in New York, allowing faster and cheaper shipping and bolstered land profitabilityJames Monroe electedJames Madison is elected PresidentJames Madison is reelected as PresidentPanic of 1819 marks first financial panic, primarily caused by overspeculationLand Act of 1820 authorized 80 acres of 1.25$, helping give west some influenceTallmadge Amendment stipulated no more slaves should be brought into Missouri, angering slaveholderMissouri Compromise, settling issues of admitting Missouri, gave the state as a slave state but forbid slavery above a lineJames Monroe is reelected for PresidentMcCulloch v. Maryland, with Maryland trying to tax the Bank, set precedent of state law below federal lawCohens v. Virginia helped assert right of SCOTUS to review state court decisionsGibbons v. Ogden reasserted federal power of interstate commerceDartmouth College v. Woodward refused to allow overturning of corporate contract to stateFlorida Purchase Treaty, after Jackson's agreement, gave the U.S floridaThe Monroe Doctrine is born to promote noncolonization and nonintervention in the Western HemisphereRusso-American Treaty fixes Russian and U.S border in AlaskaJohn Quincy Adams is elected as president after no electoral majority electes between Adams and Jackson- "Corrupt Bargain of 1824"Andrew Jackson is elected President after vehement campaigning and formation of Democratic partyTariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828) is passed, greatly upsetting the SouthSouth Carolina legislators write The South Carolina Exposition to denounce tariffTariff of 1832 is passed and still does not satisfy SouthSouth calls special Nullification Crisis convention to protest the tariffCompromise Tariff of 1833 is passed to try to console the South but also passed THE FORCE BILLSociety for Propagating the Gospel amongst Indians as assimilation movementGeorgia Legislator declares Cherokee tribal council illegal, whom then appealed to the Supreme CourtIndian Removal Act passed under Jackson, sending all Eastern tribes to dedicated territory via the Trail of TearsBlack Hawk war results in Native American losses, with Black Hawk trying to resist migrationBank War erupts because of Jackson vetoes recharter of National BankJackson removes all federal deposits from the National Bank (its end)Andrew Jackson is reelected as PresidentJackson authorizes the Treasury to issue Specie Circular (curb speculation)Martin Van Buren is elected President due to Jackson's manipulation and disorganization of WhigsPanic of 1837 hits as result of speculation + Jacksonian financeIndependent Treasury Bill of 1840 to "divorce" government and bankingMexicans win independence from SpainTexas declares independence from MexicoTexas militia captures Santa Anna and officially signs independenceTexas petitions U.S for admission to union, but is refusedWilliam Henry Harrison (whig!) is elected PresidentYellowstone National Park is establishedPotato Famine starts in Ireland, motivating mass Irish migration to the U.S into Eastern citiesThe Ancient Order of Hibernians formed, an Irish Catholic organization meant to aid the communityKnow-Nothing Party is formed as nativist response to increased immigration from EuropeIrish Catholics fought back against nativists in PhiladelphiaSamuel Slater invents machine to spin cotton threadEli WHitney invents the crude Cotton GinElias Howe invents the sewing machineNew York passes laws of free incorporation (corporations w/o charters)FIrst telegraph wires in U.S. are strung from D.C to Baltimore10-hour work days for federal employees on public works established by Van BurenCommonwealth v. Hunt case rules labor unions as legalLowell textile mill is created, with all women workersSteel plow invented to break West soilMcCormick Reaper is released for purchase, allowing much faster harvestLancaster Turnpike (first of its kind) is constructedNational Road is begun by the Federal GovernmentErie Canal construction is begunFirst Railroad and its lines are laid in U.STelegraph cable linking America and Europe is laidPony Express is established to carry mail from Missouri to CaliforniaThomas Paine publishes "The Age of Reason", condeming the churchSecond Great Awakening springs upCharles G. Finney holds revivalist sermons in New YorkSouthern and Northern Methodists and Baptists splitJoseph Smith publishes the Book of Mormon and its churchBrigham Young leads the Mormosn to Utah after recieveing violent backlash inFederal Government marches on Mormon Utah and harasses itNoah Webster publishes first dictionaryEmma Willard establishesthe Troy Female SeminaryDorothea Dix petitions Massachusetss for prison condition reformsAmerican Peace Society is formed as antiwar platformAmerican Temperance Society formed to promote alcohol moderationMaine Law of 1851 proposed by Neal S. DownSeneca Falls Convention is helped for women's rights (Declaration of Sentiments is read)Robert Owen founds New Harmony IndianaBrook Farm Massachusetts is started, committed to transcendentalismOneida Community is founded in New York, practicing free love, birth control, etc.Hudson River School is founded (nationalist arts)Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers his "American Scholar" speech at HarvardUncle Tom's Cabin is published by Harriet Beecher StoweNat Turner's Rebellion springs up in Virginia under Preacher TurnerAmistad slave ship is overtaken by slaves and were eventually sent back to Sierra LeoneAmerican Colonization Society is founded to send slaves back to AfricaLiberia is established as former slave colonyWest Indies slaves are liberated, inspired by William WilberforceThe Liberator is published by William Lloyd Garrison (abolitionist)American Anti-Slavery Society is founded by abolitionistsNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is publishedFree Soil Party is established hoping to use politics to end slaveryGag Resolution driven through house, requiring all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debateThe Gradual Emancipation Act is passed in Pennsylvania, the first abolitionist law in the U.SJackson vetoes the Maysville Road BillWorcester vs. Virginia upholds Cherokee land rightsWilliam Henry Harrison dies and John Tyler takes his positionTariff of 1842 is passed by Whig Congress (moderate)John F. Kennedy (democrat) is elected President (youngest ever)Peace Corps founded by Kennedy, a youth volunteer group aimed at helping underdeveloped countriesKennedy administration help negotiate wage agreement in steel industry, but they did not follow throughKennedy funds Apollo mission, which would later lead to moon landingKennedy and Khruschev meet in White HouseBerlin Wall is constructed, cutting off German resettlement between East and West districtsEuropean Economic Community (later the EU) is founded , promoting free trade and unificationTrade Expansion Act passed, authorizing tariff cuts that expanded international commerceLaos is imposed with unstable peace by Geneva Conference (response to communist tensions and inability of U.S to act)Green Berets are formed, who fought in Vietnam and were later bolstered by KennedyKennedy orders an increase of "military advisers" in VietnamCoup against Ngo Dinh Diem, supported by U.S, hits in VietnamWalt Whitman Rostow publishes "The Stages of Economic Growth" which supported the idea that underdeveloped should follow the Western modelKennedy proposes the Alliance for Progress to help "close" wealth gap and leave little room for communismBay of Pigs Invasion commences with 1,200 Cuban exiles storming the island- ultimately failedKennedy orders a naval quarantine of CubaKhruschev agrees to pull nuclear missles out of Cuba and U.S revokes quarantineAnti-Trial Nuclear explosions treaty signed between U.S and USSRFreedom Rider start sit-in protests to end bus segregation- recieved violence the government had to mediateVoter Education Project is created to register disenfranchised African-AmericansMLK launches a campaign against discrimination in Birmingham, AlabamaMLK leads the March on Washington to support civil rights legislation and gives "I Have a Dream Speech"Kennedy is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and Lyndon B. Johnson takes overCivil Rights Act is passed, barring racial discrimination in various public placesKennedy creates the Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionJohnson issues executive order on taking "affirmative action"Tonkin Gulf Resolution passed, giving the President war powers in Southeast AsiaLyndon B. Johnson is reelected PresidentProject Head Start helped improve impoverished children's educationDepartment of Transportation created under LBJSocial Security Act of 1965 provided Medicaid to elderly (poor were included later)Food Stamp Act helps support LBJ's War on PovertyImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the quota (since 1921)Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome barriers to African American's ability to vote by outlawing literacy tests and other meansThe 24th Amendment abolishes poll taxes in federal electionsFreedom Summer, a massive voter-registration drive, spreads in MississippiMLK campaigns for voter-rights in Selma Alabama but is tear gassedBlack Panther Party is founded to promote black nationalism, socialism and defense against police-brutalityStokely Carmichael, an SNCC leader, preaches "Black Power" which emcompased both integration and separatismMLK is assassinated in Memphis, a martyr of the periodDominican Republic uprises against its governmentNorth Vietnam guerillas attack a U.S air baseOperation "Rolling Thunder" begins with bombing attacks on North VietnamIsrael is attacked by Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War and is victorious, giving it important Palestinian territories like JerusalemWilliam Fullbright stages antiwar hearings on T.V, representing the vehment protests of VietnamThe Viet Cong launches an offensive, adding tensions to the war Americans wanted over speedilyLBJ announces on T.V he would freeze U.S troops and scale back bombing in Vietnam, as well as withdrawing from presidential candadicyRobert F. Kennedy is shot, depriving antiwar democrats of a promising candidate for electionRichard Nixon (republican) is elected presidentJack Keroac publishes "On the Road", a defining work of the Beat Generation MovementFree Speech Movement protests break out in UC Berkeley, objecting a ban of space used for political discussionLeft French students organized strikes against the nation's university systemBirth Control pill is inventedMattachine Society is founded in L.A as an advocate for gay rightsStonewall Rebellion, involving a brutal attack on gay men by police officers in NY becomes turning point for LGBTQStudents for a Democratic Society is founded, originally for antiwar and poverty campaigns, but later derailed to Weatherman terrorist groupApollo 11 Mission successfully achieves Moon LandingProsperity and Boom of 50s-60s dies out throughout the 70sNixon introduces Vietnamization policy, under which troops would be withdrawn and money would be provided to allow Southern Vietnam to fight on their ownAntiwar protestors staged a Vietnam moratorium in Boston, whom Nixon detestedMy Lai Massacre broke out in which American Troops murdered innocent women and children of My Lai villageNixon begins bombing campaign on eastern CambodiaNixon orders troops to join South Vietnam in Cambodia invasionStudents at Kent University respond to Nixon's Cambodia attacks by protests but are fired at by National GuardNixon withdraws troops from Cambodia26th Amendment gives 18 year-olds voting rightsPentagon Papers are leaked, revealing deception of Kennedy and Johnson in provoking North Vietnamese attacksNixon announces visit to Communist China occurring in February 1972, which would bring the "one-China policy"Nixon visits Moscow, ushering detente period and agrees to sell USSR various grains as well as agrees to ABM treaty and SALT to freeze nuclear arms and IMBsEarl Warren appointed as Chief Justice of SCOTUSGriswold v. Connecticut strikes down prohibition of contraceptives of all couplesGideon v. Wainwright entitles all defendants to legal counsel no matter their povertyMiranda v. Arizona gives rise to a Miranda warning, under which officers must read to suspectsEngel v. Vitale struck down prayer requirment in public schoolsNixon appoints Warren E. Burger to SCOTUS as chief justiceSupplemental Security Income created by Nixon Administration to assis aged and disabledNixon implements the Philadelphia required employers to meet hiring quotas of certain minoritiesGriggs v. Duke Power Co. prohibits the use of intelligence tests to exclude minorites in employmentEnvironmental Protection Agency created to help environmental regulationRachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, regarding effects of pesticides on environmentClean Air Act is passed, regulating air pollution and emissionsEndangered Species Act is passedOccupational Safety and Health Administration signed into law by Nixon to improve working conditionsConsumer Product Safety Commission is implemented to prevent dangerous product salesNixon imposes 90 day wage and price freeze to moderate inflation and takes U.S off Gold StandardRichard Nixon (republican) is reelected PresidentNixon bombs North Vietnam cities in response to Tank WarfareTreaty of Paris is held between North Vietnam, preempting peace three years laterSecret Cambodian bombings (despite declared Neutrality) is revealedWar Powers Act is passed, making president report to Senate 48 hours before aggressingDraft is ended (put on standby basis)Middle East powers launch surprise attack on IsraelOPEC nations declare Oil Embargo on U.S for providing airlift to Israel (caused recession in developed countries)OPEC embargo is liftedInternational Energy Agency is created to counter OPEC powerWatergate Scandal, by which 5 Nixon committee members were caught bugging Democratic offices, severs trust in NixonVice President Agnew is forced to resign due to bribery scandalSaturday Night Massacre, where Nixon fires his attorney generals and special prosecutor involved in investgation of Watergate ScandalSCOTUS demands Nixon to give up all tape evidence, as "executive priviledge" did not make him unliableNixon resigns (this or impeachent) on national T.V.Gerald Ford takes over the presidencyPresident Ford joins 24 nations at Helsinki, Finland, settling Eastern Europe boundaries and getting democratic elections there as wellLast of U.S soldiers in Vietnam are evacutedWomen's Stride for Equality (50th aniversary for suffrage) is held outTitle IX of the Education Amendments passed to prevent sexual discrimination in education and its activitiesEqual Rights Amendment wins congressional approvalReed v. Reed challenges sexual discrimination in estate ownershipRoe v. Wade legalizes all abortions (overturned :()Equal Rights Amendment fails to ratifyMilliken v. Bradley rules that desegregation plans could not require students to move across district-lines, concentrating the issue of desegregation to poorer inner citiesRegents of the University of California v. Bakke SCOTUS case holds race cannot be determining factor in college applications, but it could be consideredPresident Carter invites President Anwar Sadat of Egypt to Camp David retreat to sign peace accordU.S v. Wheeler gives Native Americans "unique and limited" sovereignityJames Earl "Jimmy" Carter is elected President (democrat), winning partly due to republican scandalBetty Friedan founds the National Organization for Women (NOW), the chief in 2nd wave feminismCarter resumes full diplomatic relations with ChinaU.S gives up sovereignity of Panama CanalMohammed Reza Pahlevi's Iran regime is overthrown, hiking up oil pricesCarter gives the Malaise Speech, critisizing nation for its "materialism"President Carter met with Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna to sign SALT II agreements, limiting weaponry in Soviet arsenalMuslim militants storm U.S Embassy in Tehran and demand return of exiled shah (Iranian hostage Crisis)President Carter reacts to Eastern Hemisphere troubles with emargo on export grains and proposes "Rapid Employment Force" to mobilize the nation with draftU.S boycotts Moscow Summer Olympics because of Afghanistan aggressionMoral Majority is founded, an evangelical Christian group a part of the "New Right" movementRonald Reagan is elected President of the U.SIranian Hostages released after 444 daysMargaret Thatcher becomes first women prime minister of the UKCalifornia "Tax Revolt" is staged against property taxes and government services (Proposition 13)Congress approves of tax reforms lowering individual rates (supply-side economics) to stimunlate investment, productivity and reduce federal deficitNation slides into deep recession due Federal Reserve Board (incorrectly blamed on Reagan)Reagan announces Strategic Defense Initiative (star wars) to tense SovietsSoviets clamp martial law on Poland due to organization of "Solidarity" unionSoviets blast a Korean passenger ship from sky, heightening tensions furtherReagan sends troops to Lebanon for peace keepings, as Israel invaded itSandinistas overthrown by leftist revolutionReagan dispatches heavy-power invasion of Grenada island, a show of Carribean dominationRonald Reagan is overwhelmingly reelected to PresidencyMikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of USSR with Glasnost (free speech) and Perestroika (revival of economy with free market)Soviets announce end of intermediate-range nuclear forcesIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty is signed between USSR and U.S, banning all missiles in EuropeFinal summit between U.S and USSR held in Moscow, calling quits to Cold WarU.S diplomats arrange arms sale to Iran, resulting in war with Iraq and money was diverted to sale to contras in Nicaragua (Iran-Contra Affair)News of 1985 arms dealings with Iran breaks out, condemned by American publicSandra Day O'Conner sworn into Supreme CourtWards Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks made it more difficult to prove racial discrimination in hiringWebster v. Reproductive Health Service imposes restrictions on Roe's protection of abortionPlanned Parenthood v. Casey ruled states could restrict abortion as long as no "undue burden" was placed on womenBlack Monday occurs when Stock Market crashes 508 pointsGeorge H. W. Bush in nominated to presidencyTiananmen Square demonstrations break out in ChinaGorbachev resigns as president after dissolving the USSR in 15 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)President Bush signs the START II accord with Boris Yeltsin to limit Nuclear Arsenal to 3,000President Bush sends airborne troops to Panama to capture its dictatorSaddam Hussein of Iraq invades Kuwait, with American support, but UNC condemned itU.N forces, largely American volunteers, swarm Kuwait to impede Iraq invasionOperation Desert Storm (hundred-hour war) swarms Iraq to liberate KuwaitBush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, prohibiting discrimination against 43 million disabled AmericansBush's Department of Education challenges racial scholarshipsBush nominates Clarence Thomas to SCOTUS, despite sexual harassments by Anita Hill27th Amendment passed, prohibiting congressional pay raises from taking effect until new electionJames K. Polk (democrat) is elected president through election with large territorial debatesWalker Tariff under Polk boosted revenue, depite Whig protestsPolk restores the independent treasuryBritish cedes Oregon Territorial claims to the U.S, setting the Compromise linePolk dispatches John Slidell to attemptedly bargain for CaliforniaPolk orders 4,000 men to Rio Grande border with MexicoMexican troops attack American troops, starting Mexican-American warSpot Resolutions are created by Abraham Lincoln, asking Polk for the location of Mexican aggression (supposing Polk provoked the war)Treaty of Guadalype Hidalgo ends Mexican American War and gives U.S large western territoryConscience Whigs gain control of the House, an antislavery section opposed to Mexican-American warWilmot Proviso proposes no slavery in the Mexican-American war territory be allowed, but it never passesGuantanamo Detention Center is created, locking Taliban leaders and other suspected terrorists in concentration campsBush claims Iraq, Iran, and North Korea to be an "axis of evil"Congress authorizes Bush to employ armed forces to invade Iraq on account of national security threatsBush and Britain launch Iraq invasion, and Hussein's rule collapses (Operation Iraqi Freedom)Revelations come out that Abu Ghraib prisoner's were tormented by U.S captors in Middle EastDemocratic Leadership Council is established to redirect party away from traditional valuesBill Clinton is elected president (democrat)Clinton nominates Ruth Bader Ginsburg to the Supreme CourtClintons fail to pass medical-service reform actClinton gets Congress to pass the Brady Bill to restrict gun lawsOklahoma City Bombing occurs, representing increased violence of the time and distrust in governmentRepublicans lead the Contract with America, offering assault on budget deficits and reductions in welfareWelfare Reform Bill is passed by conservative congress, requiring employment in select cases and cutting amounts in othersBill Clinton is reelected PresidentCalifornia approves Proposition 209, prohibiting affirmative action in higher educationNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) creates free trade with U.S, Mexico, and CanadaPromoted by Clinton, the World Trade Organization is createdMcCain-Feingold Act passed, limiting how much money candidates could get for their campaignChina is made a full-fledged trading partner of the U.S by federal delegationClinton holds meeting with Israeli premier Rabin and PLO leader Arafat to mediate conflicts in Middle East, but it is not successful long termLewinsky Affair is brought to light, accusing Clinton of an affair with Monica Lewinsky and him lying under oathHouse Republicans pursue impeachment charges against Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justiceGeorge W. Bush is elected President after electoral drama in Florida (Republican)9/11 terrorist attacks, carried out by Al Qaeda from resentment for U.S Middle East actions, plunge U.S into grief and fearUSA Patriot Act passed, permitting telephone and e-mail surveillance out of terrorist fearsDepartment of Homeland Security is created to protect borders and prevent attacksAmerica cedes political power to interim Iraqi government but violent tensions remainedBush champions the No Child Left Behind Act, mandating sanctions on schools not meeting standardsGeorge W. Bush reelected (Republican), pushing Compassionate ConservativsmCongress rejects Bush's proposal to establish a guest-worker program and "path to citizenship" for undocumentedVP Dick Cheney's chief of staff is convicted of perjuryHurricane Katrina devastates New Orleans and Bush fails to respondBarack Obama is elected President (democrat-first African American in presidency), facing foreign and domestic crisesCongress passes Family Leave Bill, allowing father and mother leave protection for some casesFree Soil Party is formed, strongly protesting slavery and advocating for free homesteadsZachary Taylor is elected President (Whig)Discoveries of Gold in California drive the California Gold RushCalifornia drafts a constitution excluding slavery, drawing debates on its admissionDaniel Webster delivers his Seventh of March Speech, helping rationalize compromise to stubborn NorthPresident Zachary Taylor dies in office, leaving it Millard FillmoreCompromise of 1850 passes, allowing California free stateshood, a new fugitive-slave law, and popular sovereinity in Hidalgo territoriesFugitive Slave Law passed, concerning many Norths for unlawful concessions in their statesFranklin Pierce is elected President (democrat), in part to disorganization of WhigsClayton-Bulwer Treaty holds that neither U.S nor Britain could gain exclusive control of Isthmus waterwaySouthern efforts to overtake Cuba failSpain seizes the Black Warrior steamship of U.S.Ostend Manifesto urges U.S to offer 120 million for Cuba and to fight if Spain refuses, but North shoos it awayTreaty of Wanghia is signed between U.S and China, conceding to the U.S favoritism in tradingFillmore dispatches warships under Matthew C. Perry to seek trade with JapanMatthew C. Perry and his fleet arrive in Japan, promising return the next year to (threateningly) sign a treatyTreaty of Kanagawa is signed between U.S and Japan, establishing coaling rights, and some consular relationsGadsen Purchase cedes a Northern Chunk of Mexico to the U.S, hopefully to allow railroad construction through southern territoriesWilliam Walker becomes president of Nicaragua and legalizes slaveryKansas-Nebraska Act passed, under push of Stephen Douglas, splitting the Nebraska territory into 2 states each with popular sovereignty.Republican Party is organized, largely out of content for the Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton R. Helper is published, attempting to prove that nonslaveholders suffered the most from slaveryThe New England Emigrant Aid Company is formed was formed to facilitate and aid Kansas migrants, but also to prevent southern encroachmentProslavery raiders burn the free-soil town of Lawernce in Kansas, a culmination of tensions in the territoryCivil War erupts in Kansas after John Brown and supports brutally murder proslaverites (Bleeding Kansas)Lecompton Constitution passed by proslaveryites, allowing slavery in Kansas as a result of abolitionist boycotts not voting against itJames Buchanan is elected President (democrat)Lecompton Constitution is denied, and Kansas was voted to be territory until 1861Whig Party largely collapses, as a result of failed election and Republican uptakeCharles Sumner is beaten by Senator Preston Brooks with a cane famouslyDred Scott v. Sandford declares slaves property that can be taken into any state and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutionalPanic of 1857 caused by inflation and some overcroppingTariff of 1857 reduces rates to 20% on dutiable goodsTaft-Hartley Act passed, outlawing "closed" labor, limiting union powerOperation Dixie, the CIO's mission to unionize southern textile workers, fails because of racial fearsEmployment Act of 1946, creating the Council of Economic Advisers to promote "maximum employment, etc."GI Bill enacted, preparing to provide returning veterans with loans and educational fundsGNP begins to climb, representing incoming period of affluence in the U.SBenjamin Spock's "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" is published, instructing parents on information extended families used to doYalta Conference lays plans for German surrender and Soviet entrance into war with Japan (regarded by some as betrayal to nationalist China)Bretton Woods Conference established the IMF and the World Bank, helping establish U.S in global economyThe United Nations has its first conference in San FranciscoSoviets cut off highway and railroad access to Berlin, to which Americans respond with the Berlin AirliftSoviets lift blockade on BerlinTruman responses to Soviets with Containment Doctrine, largely proposed by George KennanTruman Doctrine requests 400 million to help Greece and Turkey from communist ruleMarshall Plan is formed, giving Europe U.S monetary aidTruman recognizes the state of Israel, complicating Middle East relationsNational Security Act passed, creating the Department of Defense, National Security Council, and Central Intelligence AgencySelective Service System is revivedNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, marking significant step to globilzationJapan adopts Western-style constitution as result of MacArthur interventionJiang Jieshi and his nationalist forces fall in China, giving way to communismSoviets explode the first atomic bomb (ahead of schedule)U.S explodes the first Hydrogen-BombSoviets explode their first Hydrogen-BombTruman initiates "loyalty" program with Loyalty Review BoardDennis. V. United States upholds Smith Act (antisedition law), convicting communists for advocation of government overthrowRichard Nixon of the House Un-American Activities Committee tried Alger HissJulius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted of espionage regarding atom bombHarry S. Truman is relected as PresidentTruman proposes his Fair Deal Program, but it has minimal successKorean War breaks out when North invades SouthTruman fires General MacArthur for his criticisms against Truman's resistance to retaliationNSC-68 is implemented, increasing defense spending quadrupleBoeing Company rolls the 747 passenger planeKenneth Galbraith publishes "The Affluent Society", questioning if private wealth creates public goodRichard Nixon gives the Checkers Speech to defend accusations of campaign graftingDwight D. Eisenhower (republican) is elected PresidentJoseph McCarthy declares having a list of "205 communists", stirring up vehement Red ScareMcCarthy holds the Army-McCarthy hearings against various military officials, putting an end to his popularitySweatt v. Painter desegregates certain professional schoolsJackie Robinson is signed to the Dodgers (first African-American)Montgomery Bus Boycotts spring up in Alabama as a result of Rosa Parks' arrestBrown v. Board of Education overturns Plessy v. Ferguson, desegragating schoolsLittle Rock 9 incident, where Eisenhower sends federal troops to protect Central High School students"Sit-In" movement is launched in North Carolina with the Woolworth's Sit InsStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee adds youth flare to Civil Right MovementOperation Wetback deports various illegal immigrants (1 million Mexicans)Federal Highway Act bolsters highway construction under EisenhowerJohn F. Dulles proposes his policy of boldness, including fierce arms build up and massive retaliationHungarian Uprising undermines the Policy of Boldness with its excessivnessGeneva Conference splits Vietnam into North and South, which would later turn nationalist and communistCIA installs Mohhamed Reza Paheli as shah of Iran, for oil jurisdictionSuez Canal Crisis knocks Britain and France out as world powers and marks U.S dependence on oilOPEC is formed by various oil-lucrative nationsDwight Eisenhower is relected as PresidentUSSR launches Sputnik 1, the first satellite in orbitNational Defense and Education Act bolsters scientific and foreign language educationCIA directs a coup in Guatemala against leftist governmentFidel Castro ignites revolution in Cuba and nationalizes U.S industry on the islandNixon gains notoriety from Kitchen Debates with Nikita Khrushchev, extolling consumerismJohn F. Kennedy is elected as president (democrat) aided partly by the T.VThe 22nd Amendment is ratified, creating 2 term limitSouthern Manifesto is upheld in South, repudiating Brown v. Board decisionLincoln-Douglas debates begin, addressing slavery and leading to the Freeport DoctrineStephen Douglas beats Lincoln for Illinois Senate, but Lincoln gained more massive popularityJohn Brown incites the Raid of Harper's Ferry, which failed and got Brown executed for murderSouthern Democrats, angry with Stephen Douglas' nomination, form the Constitutional Union PartyAbraham Lincoln is elected as President (first republican_, causing mass debate from the southConfederate States of America is created, with Jefferson Davis as President (South Succession!!)Crittenden Amendments are designed to appease the South, allowing limitless slavery in the SouthJohnson begins his "swing round the circle" to diminish Radical Republican power, but it backfiresReconstruction Act is passed, dividing south into 5 military districts intervened with Union soldiers, and required ratification of the 14th amendment for stateshood15th Amendment is ratified, giving African-Americans suffrageWomen's Loyal League is formed, petitioning congress for antislavery amendmentUnion League (created in 1862) begins educating freedmen on civic duties and other systems of aidKlu Klux Klan is formed in Tennessee, an antiblack terrorist group attempting to minimize their suffrage and autonomyCongress passes the Force Act (another in 1871) , employing federal troops to stop the KKKWhite League is formed to prevent freedmen franchise and Republican organizationTenure of Office Act is created, requiring Senate approval of removal of cabinet membersJohnson dismisses Edwin Stanton, "violating" the Tenure of Office ActCongress fails to muster vote requisite to remove JohnsonWilliam Seward purchases Alaska from Russia, criticized as a waste of moneyReconstruction officially ends with Compromise of 1877Fort Sumter is fired at by Carolinians, percieving Union approach as an act of agressionWest Virginia separates from VirginiaTrent Affair, with the Union stopping British steamer carrying two South diplomatsLincoln suspends the Writ of Habeaus Corpus, gives 3 million to private citizens, all examples of constitution violation in warFederal Conscription Law passed to compensate for lack of volunteers, but rich could pay outNew York Draft Riots, touched off largely by Irish, protests draft dodgingConfederates pass conscription, with minimal manpower to continueMorrill Tarriff Act is passed, without South opposition, to boost ratesNational Bank System facilitated bond-selling and established bank-note currencyNorth passes Homestead Act, providing free 160 acres of land for those who farmed itDr. Elizabeth Blackwell established the U.S Sanitary Commission to train women in medicineBull Run is pursued by Union, showing victory against South would require effortBattle of Antietam, the bloodiest battle of the war, allowed Lincoln to deliver Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation declares slaves "forever free" in rebelling southern states and allowing them into Union army13th Amendment officially outlaws slaveryWilliam T. Sherman launches his March To the Sea, ransacking Confederate Geogria in his pathCongressional Committee on the Conduct Of the War is formed by radical Republicans against Lincoln's expansion of federal powerAbraham Lincoln is reelected to presidency, beating Northern DemocratsRobert E. Lee (Confederacy) surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the WarAbraham Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth, giving the presidency to Andrew JohnsonLarge Freedmen population migrates to Kansas (exoduster movement)Freedmen's Bureau is created as primitive welfare agency, especially advancing educationLincoln proclaims his "10 Percent Plan", willing to readmit Confederate states if 10% of voters pledged to UnionWade-Davis Bill requires 50% (not only 10%) of Confederate states to declare allegiance, but Lincoln pocket-vetoed itJohnson launches his Reconstruction proclamation, siding with Lincoln and disenfranchizing South planters with more than 20,000 in propertyMississippi passes the first Black Codes, providing a subservient black labor force that had little autonomyCivil Rights Bill is passed, giving African Americans citizenship14th Amendment is officially ratified, conferring official citizenship to freedmenMilitary is desegregated by Truman AdministrationTweed ring is exposed by New York Times, allowing his convictionCredit Mobilier Scandal breaks out, with congressmen accepting railroad bribesWhiskey Ring is revealedPanic of 1783, caused by overexpansion of economy and loans, hitsResumption Act of 1875 pledges to withdraw greenbacks from circulationGreenback Labor Party spawns, pushing for inflation with greenback circulationRutherford B Hayes is elected President (Republican)Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempts to give equal accomodations to all racesCivil Rights Cases pronounce Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutionalJim Crow Laws are implementedPlessy v. Ferguson upholds Jim Crow Laws and their segregationGreat Railroad Strike breaks out with many dead, following Panic of 1873Chinese Exclusion Act bars immigration from ChinaU.S v. Wong Kim Ark upholds citizenship of all people born in U.SJames Garfield is elected President (Republican)James Garfield is shot, giving presidency to Chester ArthurPendleton Act makes campaign contributions from federal workers illegalGrover Cleveland (Democrat) is elected PresidentCleveland proposes to Congress lowering the tariffBenjamin Harrison is elected President (Republican)Thomas Reed becomes Speaker of the House, large protector of big businessMcKinley Tariff Act boosts tariff rates to highest rate yetPopulist Party is formed under the Omaha PlatformHomestead Strike against Carnegie's steel requires shutting down by PinkertonsCleveland is elected President (Democratic)Colored Farmer's National Alliance is created, with prospects of uniting poor whites and blacksGrandfather clauses begin, requiring African-Americans' grandfather to have voted before 1860William McKinley is elected President (Republican)Panic of 1893 erupts due to continued overspeculation and expansionSherman Silver Purchase Act, aimed at inflation, required government to purchase 4.5 million in silver anauallyCleveland stops alternating-squre mile railroad grants often exploitedUnion Pacific Railroad Company begins to lay down trackTranscontinental Railroad is completed in Ogden, Utah"Time Zones" are developed by railroad companies to facilitate scheduling through continentWabash v. Illinois declares individual states have no power over interstate commerce, undoing Grange LawsMunn v. Illinois upholds the Grange LawsInterstate Commerce Act passed by Cleveland, prohibiting "pooling" and created the ICCThomas Edison invents the lightbulbAlexander Graham Bell invents the telephoneStandard Oil Company forms through John D. RockefellerU.S steel corporation forms as Andrew Carnegie sells holdings to J.P MorganStandard Oil forms into a trustGospel of Wealth, by Andrew Carnegie, is publishedSherman Anti-Trust Act forbids combinations of restrained tradeJames Buchanan Duke forms the Tobacco Company in the SouthHenry Grady coins the "New South" pushing for its industrializationGibson Girl archetype is created, promoting a new independent young womanNational Labor Union is organized across locales and tradesKnights of Labor becomes public for all trades, races, and gendersKnights of Labor stage successful strike against Wabash RailroadHaymarket Square Bombings end the Knights of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor is formed by Samuel L. GompersWave of "New Immigrants" begins moving to Eastern CitiesWalter Rauschenbusch, large proponent of Social Gospel, becomes pastor of German Baptist ChurchJane Addams forms the Hull House for immigrant aidNativist "American Protective Association" is createdCongress prohibits importation of foreign workers under contractMary Baker Eddy founds Christian ScienceTuskegee Institute is formed to promote Black "self-help" institutionsNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is formedHatch Act extends the Morrill Land Grant Act, providing federal funds for agricultural experiment stationsHenry George publishes his "single-tax" to discourage speculationMark Twain writes "The Gilded Age"National American Woman Suffrage Association is formed by Elizabeth C. Stanton and Susan B. AnthonyWyoming gives women the right to voteIda B. Wells forms the National Association of Colored WomenWoman's Christian Temperance Union is formedAnti-Saloon League is formed, a prohibition-based organizationClara Barton forms the Red CrossWorld's Columbian Exposition is hostedReservation System is precedented with treaty at Fort LaramieBattle of Little BighornGold is discovered in Dakota Territory, inspiring war with the Sioux NativesHelen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of DishonorBattle of Wounded Knee stamps out Sioux "Ghost Dance" MovementDawes Severalty Act dissolved tribes as legal entities and gave individual "families" acreageCarlisle Indian School in PA is made to instill "white customs" on Native children'Fifty-Niners" pour in Nevada, seeking goldColorado becomes a stateFrederick Jackson Turner publishes his "Frontier Thesis"The Grange is organized, initially as a social club, to fight trust exploitationWilliam Hope Harvey publishes the "Coin's Financial School" to promote free coinagePullman Strike in Chicago, organized by Eugene V. Debs, due to Pullman wage cuts; shut down by ClevelandGold Standard Act is passed, providing free paper redemption in goldUlysses S. grant is elected President (republican)Ulysses S. Grant is reelected President (Republican)Oklahoma is opened for White settlementFrontier Line is "no longer distinguishable" (Closing of the Frontier)Spanish American War startsAlfred Thayer Mahan's "The Influence of Sea Power upon History" is published, urging for naval expansionBritain and U.S begin to mend relations with the Great ReapproachmentU.S acquires Hawaii as annexed territoryU.S Maine explosion in the Havana Harbor helps inflate war tensionsMcKinley requests declaration of war against Spain and adopted Teller AmendmentSpain signs an armistice, ending the warAnti-Imperialist League is formedU.S ratifies treaty with Spain, giving it various territoryForaker Act passed, giving Cuba limited popular governmentInsular Cases hold that Spanish-American war territorial persons' are not citizensU.S withdraws from Cuba per Teller AmendmentPlatt Amendment binds Cuba to U.S politicallyFilipino Insurrection by Emilio Aguinaldo aimed at getting the island's independence failsWilliam Taft is made governer of the PhillippinesJohn Hay publishes his Open Door NoteBoxer Rebellion springs up in China against Western influencesSecond Open Door Note is made by Hay, now including clause of "territorial integrity"William McKinley is reelected President (Republican)William McKinley is murdered, giving Presidency to Teddy RooseveltHay-Pauncefote Treaty gives U.S right to build and fortify Panama CanalPanama uprising helps give U.S right over Colombia to build Panama CanalHay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S permission from Panama to construct the canalPanama Canal construction beginsPanama Canal is completedRoosevelt pronounces his Roosevelt Corollary, planning U.S intervention in Latin America if uprisings occurWar breaks out between Japan and RussiaRoosevelt holds mediating conference between Japan and Russia, leaving both bitterGentlemen's Agreement between U.S and Japan, with the latter agreeing to stop labor flow to U.SRoot-Takahira Agreement with Japan pledges territorial respect and Open Door noteRoosevelt coins the "Muckraker" TermIda Tarbell exposes Standard Oil Company's exploitationsInitiative and Referendum are passed into law by Senate17th Amendment is approved, allowing direct election of senators16th Amendment is passed with Revenue Act of 1913, creating a graduated income taxMueller v. Oregon confers protection to women workersLochner v. New York invalidates 10 hour day for bakers :(Triangle Shirtwaist Company catches fire, creating public outcry and subsequent legislationRoosevelt summons PA coal workers and their employers to White House to work out compromiseDepartment of Commerce and Labor is created, as well as Bureau of CorporationsElkins Act helps prevent railroad rebate issuesRoosevelt attacks Northern Securities Company, created by J.P MorganHepburn Act expands ICCSupreme Court declare beef trust illegal"The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair is publishedMeat Inspection Act is passed, requiring checks on interstate meat transitsPure Food and Drug Act is passed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foodsForest Reserve Act authorizes creation of national parks and reservesRoosevelt Dam is constructedNewlands Act of 1902 facilitates dam construction in many riversSierra Club is founded, dedicated to preservationHetch Hetchy Valley Dam is authorized, a loss to preservationistsTeddy Roosevelt is reelected presidentPanic of 1907 ("Roosevelt Panic") breaks out, necessitating currency reforms of next decadeWilliam Howard Taft is elected President (Republican)Marines are deployed in Nicaragua, as part of Roosevelt Corollary type diplomacyTaft presses suit against U.S Steel, angering manyPayne-Aldrich Bill is passed, a moderately reductive bill loaded with hidden revisionsNational Progressive Republican League is formed due to Taft rifts in republican partyArizona, Kansas, and Oregon grant woman suffrageConservation Ballinger-Pinchot Affair further rifts RepublicansWoodrow WIlson proposes New Freedom program at Democratic conventionWoodrow Wilson is elected President (democrat)Underwood Tariff is passed, providing reduction in tariff rates and income tax for revenueFederal Reserve Act is passed, appointing 12 seat Federal Reserve BoardFederal Trade Commission is created against unfair trust practicesClayton Anti-Trust further bans objectionable practices, including interlocking directoriatesFederal Farm Loan Act and Warehouse Act, built of populists, aid farmers in crop securityAdamson Act gives 8-hour day to train employees in interstate commerceWilson repealse Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912Jones Act grants Philippines territorial status and eventual independenceTampico Incident with Mexico breaks out and Huerta government is washed outWorld War 1 breaks out in EuropeSinking of the Lusitania, with its American passengers, stirrs some war talkSussex is sank, a violation of German "promise" not to sink shipsWoodrow Wilson is reelected president (Democrat)Christopher Columbus arrives in the AmericasEncomienda System is established by Spain to subjugate nativesWorld War 2 endsZimmerman Note is intercepted, revealing proposed Mexican-German allianceU.S enters World War 1, per Wilson's requestWilson gives his 14 Points speech, an idealistic proclamation of post-WW1 worldCommittee on Public Information is created for mobilizing propaganda tacticsEspionage Act makes spying against national security illegalSedition Act is passed, illegalizing criticisms of war effort and governmentSchenck v. U.S upholds the Sedition Act under "clear and present" danger statuteBernard Baruch appointed to War Industries Board to mobilizeMass strike on U.S steel industry19th Amendment gives women the right to voteSheppard-Towener Maternity Act provides federal instruction in maternal/infant careConscription for WW1 startsWorld War 1 ends, ushering treaty crafting periodParis Peace Conference opens, already primed with controversyTreaty of Versailles is handed to Germany (did not get any say)Wilson begins his Tour to promote the Treaty and its League of Nations beginsTreaty of Versailles is rejected, with Wilson now protesting itWilliam G. Harding is elected President (Republican)Radio broadcasting beginsEqual Rights Amendment proposedThe Great Gatsby is publishedThe Sun Also Rises by Hemingway is publishedLindbergh flies solo across the AtlanticMcNary-Haugen Bill is proposed (and vetoed), aimed at buying hefty surplusesVeterans Bureau is created to aid influx from WW1Bonus Army marches on Washington aimed at getting veteran funds from governmentIndian Self-Determination Act is passed, helping restore some autonomy to tribal leadershipAmerican Indian Movement launches take-over of Alcatraz island, helping spur legislation for their benefitFederal Reserve Board tries to combat rising inflation with increased interest rates (fails)Economic Recovery Act cuts income taxes by 25%Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget ActGramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act is passed to cut federal spendingBoland Amendment prohibits aid of Nicaragua ContrasSTART 1 treaty limits nuclear warheads to 10,000Anti-Crime bill provided 30 billion in crime preventionImmigrant Reform and Control Act creates fair process for immigrant entrance and grants amnesty to some illegal onesEnglish Civil War breaks out, driving many immigrants to the Massachusetts Bay ColonyVirginia is split into two, with the other half being given to Lord BalitmoreActs of Toleration in Maryland are repealed due to protestant resentmentHeadright system is created Chesapeak offering 50 acres of land to plantation owners or servants themselves who paidVirginia law enacted: Negro womens children to serve according to the condition of the mother.- furthered similar policies through the end of the decadeSir William Berkeley serves as governor of VirginiaWilliam Berkeley reestablished as governor of VirginiaWilliam Berkeley is no longer Virginia's governorRoger Williams is granted charter, securing Rhode Island colonyNew Hampshire is separated from Bay Colony and given Royal CharterPlymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven creat New England Confederation, with 2-delegate board of representativesMonarchy breaks up the New England ConfederationDuke of York granted charter to Dutch-held New Amsterdam territoryEast and West New Jerseys combine into singular New JerseyCharters of Liberty made in Pennsylvania, allowing unrestricted immigration and religious tolerationDelaware becomes its own colony from PennsylvaniaGeorgia becomes a royal colonyBay Colony's charter is revoked because of its high smugglingPoor Richard's Almanach begins publication, one of the few literary staples of the coloniesNew
eventDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act designed to improve regulations of banking and investment firmsPeriods
Quasi War amongst the sea with France is touched off by XYZ affairPeriod 1Period 2Period 3Period 4 (1800-1848)Period 5 (1848-1877)Period 6 (1865-1898)Period 7 (1890-1945)Period 8 (1945-1980)Period 9 (1980-present)Civil WarFrench and Indian WarRevolutionary WarWar of 1812Mexican American WarWorld War 1World War 2
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