Events
Chancellor Otto von Bismark unifies German provincesHermann Ludwig Maas bornMartin Niemöller bornKaiser Wilhelm II ascends and forces Bismark out of officeMaas ordainedMaas observses 6th Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland; develops Zionist worldviewDietrich Bonhoffer bornNiemöller enlists as cadet in the Imperial German NavyWorld War IMaas pastored in Hidelberg; befriends rabbiKaiser (and princes) abjucate; Republic launched; armsticeNiemöller discharged from navy for refusing to turn U-boat over to Great BritainCommunists fail in coup attempt; Hilter takes control of National Socialist Workers Party (NSDAP)Niemöller begins seminary while supporting Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch coup attemptNSDAP Platform Article 24NSDAP fails in coup attemptBonhoffer pastors Germans in SpainThe Great DepressionPresident Hindenburg appoints Heinrich Brüning ChancellorBonhoffer in USA for seminaryPresident Hindeburg relected but Nazis win most seats in Parliment (33%)Hilter named Chancellor as olive branch to waring political partiesHilter calls for new electionsEnabling Act establishes dicatatorshipCommunist Party bannedBonhoffer publishes “The Church and the Jewish Question”Center Party dissolved; Vatican and Nazis sign ConcordatMaas travels to Palestine and finances his daughter's establishment of textile mill for Israeli refugeesNiemöller establishes Pastor Emergency League (PEL)Bonhoffer speaks at Ecumenical World AllianceNiemöller, on behalf of the PEL, sends Hitler a congratulatory telegram on leaving the League of Nations and asserts the patriotism of PEL membersDr. Reinhold Krause outlines German Christian views on prohibiting all Jewish elements, including the Old Testament, from Christian theologyThree bishops (including Niemöller) discuss church/state relations with HitlerConfessing Church establishedCommunist Party leaders and other political disidents rounded up and executed without trialPresident Hindenburg diesBonhoffer returns to GermanyJehovah's Witness congregations outlawedJews banned from civil service and academics positionsJesse Owens wins four gold medals in Berlin OlympicsRabbi leaves Heidelberg for BrazilNiemöller arrested for preaching against state involvement in church polityGestapo closes Bonhoffer's illegal seminaryGestapo banns Bonhoffer from BerlinNiemöller convicted and sent to concentration campGermany annexes AustriaGerman Jews ordered to take first names that identify them as Jews (Israel/Sara)Munich agreement signed by Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and FranceGerman Jew passports declared invalid1,000 synagoges burned, 9,000 Jewish businesses smashed by Nazi party operativesFirst Kindertransport ship arrives in Great BritainGermany invades Poland beginning World War IINiemöller wrote a friend to petition his release so he could fight for GermanyGestapo bans Bonhoffer from public speaking in GermanyLast Kindertransport ship leaves NetherlandsBonhoffer avoids military service through nespotic appointment to Military Intelligence Command, a center of Nazi resistanceAll Jews in German-occupied territory are ordered to wear a yellow starBonhoffer travels to Geneva and Vatican and informs on resistance plans to Allied contactsThe Final SolutionJapanese attack on Pearl HarborExtermination camps established“White Rose” movement foundedMaas suspended from pastoral duties due to undeniable link in assisting Jews escape Germany“White Rose” members arrested and executedBonhoffer and brother-in-law arrested for involvement in OPERATION: SevenMaas sent to concentration camp; shortly thereafter escapes back to HeidelbergAllied invasion of Normandy (D-Day)OPERATION: Valkyrie failsBonhoffer sent to concentration camp after involvement in Valkyrie discoveredHitler commits suicideBonhoffer hanged in concentration campGermany surrendersNiemöller publishes “Stuttgart Confessions of Guilt”
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