The development of optometry through the ages
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Updated: 10 Apr 2021
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Created byChristian Pot
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Reading stones (on-page magnifiers) 1000 ADVisby lenses High quailty lenses found in Sweden 11th CEyeglasses invented 1286Venetians develop blown glass lenses c1300Nuremberg spectacle makers develop mould grinding of lenses Late 14th cPrinting press invented 1440Negative lenses to correct myopia 15th CTelescope invented. Lenses now good enough to make the telescope possible 1608Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers founded 1629Single wire eyeglasses made in Nuremberg c1720London optician Edward Scarlett makes spectacles with sides c 1720US statesman Benjamin Franklin invents split lens bifocals 1784Engineer John Isaac Hawkins patents trifocals 1826Pince- nez with spring bridges invented 1840Spanish friar Daza de Valdes writes first book on refractive errors and their correction 1624London optician James Ayscough publishes his "Short account of the eye and vision" 1750London optician George Adams writes essay on vision 1789Thomas Young ascribes accommodation to the eye lens 1793John Dalton describes his abnormal colour vision 1794Thomas Young measures his own astigmatism 1801Thomas Young proposes trichromatic theory of colour vision 1802George Airy measures his astigmatism and has a lens made to correct it 1825Charles Wheatstone explains stereopsis and builds a stereoscope 1838Cambridge physicist Gabriel Stokes invents the X cyl test for astigmatism 1849Hemholtz invents the ophthalmoscope 1851Eduard von Jaeger publishes his systematic near reading cards 1854George Wilson reports that abnormal colour vision is common 1855Albrecht Von Graefe does targent screen perimetry 1855Hemholtz publishes his Treatise on physiological optics 1857Hermann Aubert and Richard Forster devise the arc perimeter for visual fields 1869Snellen develops his visual acuity chart and Snellen notation 1862Donders publishes Anomalies of accommodation and refraction 1864US ophthalmologist John Green perfects the fan and block test for astigmatism 1868Optometers developed to measure refractive error by Knapp and Badal 1870Unit of the dioptre introduced 1872Ferdinand Cuignet, M Mengin and H Parent develop retinoscopy 1873-1880Stilling devises pseudoisochromatic colour vision test 1876Javal-Schiotz keratometer 1880Adolf Fick and August Muller fit glass scleral contact lenses 1887Landolt writes on the examination of the eyes 1879 and develops the Landolt C test 1888Ernest Maddox publishes "The clinical use of prisms and decentering of lenses" 1889Danish ophthalmologist Jannik Bjerrum develops and popularises tangent screen perimetry 1889US ophthalmologist Edward Jackson further develops and popularises the cross cylinder test for astigmatism 1893Ernest Maddox publishes Tests and Studies of the Ocular Muscles 1898Hjalmar August Schiotz invents the indentation tonometer 1905Claud Alley Worth publishes "Squint: its causes, pathology and treatment " 1905Swedish ophthalmolgist Alvar Gullstrand builds a slit lamp 1911G S Campton introduces a battery handle to the direct ophthalmoscope 1915Carl Zeiss manufactures the first slit lamp 1920Traquair publishes his definitive book on visual fields 1927Haag Streit slit lamp designed by Hans Goldmann goes into production and becomes the gold standard 1933Belgium born US ophthalmologist, Charles Scherpens, develops the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope 1947Hans Goldmann devises the Goldmann perimeter 1945Mexican ophthalmologist, Manuel Tronosco, popularises clinical gonioscopy with his book 1948Hans Goldmann invents applanation tonometry 1954Australan optometrists Ian Bailey and Jan Lovie develop the LogMAR visual acuity chart and the LogMar notation 1976Automatic computerised static perimeters introduced 1980 -Ocular coherence tomography 19901888 Cement bifocals patented by US optometrist August Morck but Samuel Gregg had the idea earlier in 18661908 John L Borsch invents fused bifocals1909 Danish ophthalmologist Marius Tscherning develops theory of best form lenses1947 Armorlite Lens Company in California manufactures the first CR-39 eyeglass lenses1954 Australian optometrist Joseph Lederer designs his Lederer lens for low vision1955 Keeler makes a rational system of low vision aids1958 Progressive power lenses designed by Bernard Maitenaz made by Essel1964 Photochromatic glass developed by RH Dalon and made by Corning Glass CompanyRoger Bacon writes about vision and optic his "Opus Majus" 1267Kepler founds modern optics with
Astronomiae Pars Optica
1604Telescope invented by Dutch optician Hans Lippershey1608Snell's law 16211st C AD Ptolemy writes his "Optics"1st C AD Heron of Alexandria. Geometry of light reflected by a mirrorAlhazen writes Book of Optics 11th CBarrow publishes Lectures in Optics 1669William Molyneux publishes Dioptica Nova 1692Newton publishes Opticks 1704Robert Smith publishes System of Opticks 1738Thomas Young demonstrates interference and establishes wave theory of light 1804David Brewster demonstrates polarisation of light 1818Ludwig von Gauss develops the paraxial approximation and the Gaussian lens formula 1840Ludwig von Seidel identifies the 5 Seidel aberrations 1857James Maxwell develops the Maxwell equations and shows light is electromagnetic radiation 1861Ernest Abbe devises the Abbe number and the first refractometer 1874Max Planck defines the black-body radiation law 1900Albert Einstein develops theory of wave-particle duality of light 1906Frits Zernicke develops his polynominals for balancing aberrations 1930Dennis Gabor: wavefront reconstruction and holography 1948Gordon Gould files a patent for the LASER 1959RV Schack modifies J Hartman's idea to develop the Schack Hartmann aberrometer 19711912 Zeiss produces its glass scleral contact lens fitting set1929 Hungarian born British ophthalmologist Joseph Dallos develops technique for moulding the eye to fit glass contact lenses1936 US optometrist William Feinbloom makes and fits PMMA scleral lens1948 US optican Kevin Tuohy introduces PMMA corneal lenses1942 to 1953 Text books on contact lenses published by Obrig, Dickinson, Salvatori and Bier1959 Otto Wichterle introduces HEMA hydrophylic contact lenses1972 Rishi Agarwal introduces disposable contact lenses1998 Silicone hydrogels introducedPeriods
Examination and refractionOptometryContactlensesOptiscLenses and spectacles
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