Timeline of the Roman Republic

Rome becomes a republic

Hannibal invades Italy

Spartacus the gladiator leads the slaves in an uprising.

Illyrian Wars

Battle of Cannae

First Macedonian War

Siege of Syracuse (214-212 BCE)

First Macedonian War: Treaty of Phoenice

Second Punic War: The consul of Scipio Africanus landed an invasion fleet at Utica

Battle of Zama

Second Punic War: Carthage accepted Roman conditions for peace, end of the war

Second Macedonian War

The provinces of Haspania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior were organized

The number of quaestors was increased to 12

The number of Praetors was increased to six

Second Macedonian War: Macedonia surrendered conquests in Greece and agreed to pay war indemnity, ending the war

Roman-Seleucid War: The Seleucid Empire invaded Greece

Roman-Seleucid War: The Seleucid Empire signed the Treaty of Apamea

The Lex Villia annalis was passed

Third Macedonian War: Rome declared war on Macedonia

Third Macedonian War: The Macedonian king Perseus of Macedon was captured

The Lusitanian War: The Lusitanians of Hispania Ulterior rebelled against Rome

Fourth Macedonian War: An Andriscus rebelled against Rome, claiming to be Perseus' son and the r ightful king of Macedonia

Third Punic War: Rome declared war on Carthage

The Lex Calpurnia was passed, establishing a Praetor-led court to hear appeals against extortionate taxes levied by governors in the provinces

Fourth Macedonian War: Andriscus was surrendered to Rome to be executed

Third Punic War: Roman forces breached the city of Carthage, burned it, and enslaved its surviving inhabitants

Battle of Corinth: Roman forces decisively defeated the armies of the Achaean League at Corinth

Province of Macedonia is organized

Province of Africa is organized on captured Carthaginian territory

Lusitanian War: The Lusitianian leader Viriatus was assassinated by his three ambassadors to Rome Audax, Ditalcus, and Minurus

Lex Gabinia tabellaria: required secret ballot in elections of all magistrates

The Tribune of the Plebs Tiberius Gracchus was beaten to death by a mob of senators led by the Pontifex Maximus Publius Cornelius Sciptio Nasica Serapio (consul 138 BCE)

The province of Gallia Narbonensis was organized

The first Senatus consultum ultimum was passed, granting the consul Lucius Opimius emergency powers to defeats partisans of Gaius Gracchus

Jugurthine War: Rome declared war on Numidia

Gaius Marius was elected consul

Marius instituted the Marian reforms of the military, among them the establishment of a standing army and the recruitment of non- property owners

Marius re-elected consul

Jugurthine War: The Numidian king Jugurtha was imprisoned in Mamertine Prison

Battle of Arausio: A coalition of the Cimbri and Teutons inflicted a serious defeat on the Roman army at modern Orange. Some hundred thousand Roman soldiers were killed.

Marius was elected consul for the first of three years in a row

Battle of Aquae Sextiae: Rome decisively defeated the forces of the Teutons and Ambrones and killed some ninety thousand soldiers and civilians

Battle of Vercellae: An invasion of Italy by the Cimbri was decisively defeated by a numerically inferior Roman force. Some hundred thousand Cimbri soldiers and civilians were killed along with their king Boiorix

Marius is elected consul

Assassins hired by Marius's political allies Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and Gaius Servilius Glaucia beat to death Gaius Memmius (tribune), a candidate for the consulship

Social War (91-88 BCE): The Roman clients in Italy the Marsi, the Paeligni, the Vestini, the Marrucini, the Picentes, the Frentani, the Hirpini, the Iapyges, Pompeii, Venose, Luciana, and Samnium rebelled against Rome

Sulla's first civil war: The consul Sulla led an army of his partisans across the pomerium into Rome

End of the Social War

First Mithridatic War: Roman forces landed in Epirus

First Mithridatic War: A peace was agreed between Rome and Pontus under which the latter returned to its prewar brothers

Sulla's second civil war: Sulla declared dictator

Second Mithridatic War: Murena withdrew from Pontus

Sulla resigns dictatorship after enacting numerous reforms in the same year

Final consulship of Sulla, he leaves Rome once the year is over

Third Mithridatic War: Pontus invaded Bithynia

Third Servile War: Some seventy gladiators, slaves of Lentulus Batiatus in Capua, made a violent escape

Sertorian War: Marcus Perpenna Vento, by now the leader of the Romans in revolt in Iberia, was executed by the general Pompey

Third Servile War: The slaves in rebellion were decisively defeated by Roman forces near Petelia. Their leader Spartacus was killed.

The last of the Cilician pirates were wiped out by Pompey

Third Mithridatic War: Defeated, the Pontic king Mithridates VI of Pontus ordered his friend and body guard to kill him

Siege of Jerusalem: Pompey conquered Jerusalem and entered the Holy of Holies of the Second Temple

Cicero was elected consul

Second Catilinarian conspiracy: A conspiracy led by the senator Catiline to overthrow the Republic was exposed before the Senate. The five conspirators present were summarily executed in the Mamertine Prison

Pompey joined a political alliance, the so- called First Triumvirate, with the consul Julius Caesar and the censor Marcus Licinius Crassus

Consulship of Julius Caesar

Gallic Wars: Roman forces barred the westward migration of the Helvetii across the Rhone

Battle of Carrhae: A Parthian army decisively defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force near Harran. Crassus was killed

Gallic Wars: The last Gaulish rebels were defeated

Caesar's Civil War: Caesar illegally crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his army

Caesar's Civil War: Caesar landed at Durres in pursuit of Pompey and his partisans the optimates

Caesar left Africa for Iberia in pursuit of Pompey's sons Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great) and Sextus Pompey

Assassination of Julius Caesar: Caesar was assassinated in the Theatre of Pompey by a conspiracy of senators