Redlining and Vulnerability Timeline

Beginning of redlining maps created by private companies

HOLC drew “residential security maps” for 239 cities

Miami-city planners explore removing minority section of city

US Housing Act established FHA

First denials of FHA insurance to areas with “inharmonious race groups”

40% of neighborhoods in Chicago and Los Angeles carry “Racially restrictive covenants”

Concrete wall built between black and white development in Detroit

National Housing Agency is established

Housing and Home Finance Agency is established

Supreme Court ruling that state courts could not enforce racially restrictive covenants

Hurricane floods city along drainage canals

US Supreme Court disallowed racist restrictions, ruled cities could not legally enforce racially restrictive covenants

US Senate rejects amendment which would propose segregation in public housing

National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing is established

Desegregation of public schools increases white flight to neighboring segregated counties

Expansion of eminent domain uses allows for clearing of homes and businesses for development

John F Kennedy signed Equal Opportunity in Housing executive order

Civil Rights Act is established

Hurricane Betsy floods city

White flight- 60% of whites live in suburbs by this point

Racist provisions in deeds were made illegal

Supreme Court holds that Congress can monitor sales of private property to ensure no discrimination

Illinois State Legislature passes disallows redlining in Chicago

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act requires transparency and review of lending practices from banks engaged in redlining

Public Reinvestment Board established by Ordinance 105987 in Central Seattle to help reverse discriminatory practices in lending

”Redlining and Disinvestment in Central Seattle” released by Central Seattle Community Council Federation-study of loan practices in Central Seattle revealed eight major banking institutions did not make more than two loans each in the Central Seattle area from 1970-1974

Community Reinvestment Act- Federal law decided that deposit-gathering institutions have a responsibility to solicit customers in all areas of a city

Hurricane Georges causes first ever evacuation of New Orleans

Hurricane Ivan causes second evacuation

Hurricane Katrina floods city, widespread levee failures and canal flooding-1500 deaths

Investigation into Wells Fargo’s lending policies reveals racially-biased lending policies

New Orleans Founded

First recorded hurricane to hit New Orleans, nearly wiped out entire settlement

“Great Louisiana Hurricane” flooded areas along Lake Pontchartrain; populated areas protected by natural levees

“Great Barbados Hurricane” Levees along Mississippi River broke and flooded French Quarter

Three hurricanes struck in the same year destroy lakefront properties

Three hurricanes cause storm surge-pumps to move water to higher areas suggested

Virginia-African American political wards are gerrymandered in order to suppress votes

Introduction of streetcars begins white flight to the suburbs as streetcars expand the developable area of the city

90% of African American population lives in the South, the majority in rural areas

Giant screw pumps used to lift water from low-lying areas into higher level canals

Hurricane floods city through drainage canals

“Exclusionary zoning laws” ruled unconstitutional, “Racially restrictive covenants” took their place

City of Euclid passes restrictive zoning laws

Supreme Court rules in favor of Euclid’s restrictive zoning laws

Virginia- “Racial integrity law”-disallowed movements of individuals into an area where they were not legally allowed to marry a member of the majority population

Emergency Relief and Construction Act, creating Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Home Owner’s Loan Corporation created

Barrier islands formed

Deposition of sediment forms distributary channels

Repeated hurricanes caused damage to New Orleans

Drainage canals designed and built to control flooding caused by heavy rains

”The Great Migration”-African Americans enter cities to fill labor shortages caused by World War I

Miami-city uses eminent domain to remove minority housing to construct segregated businesses