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3- and 4-year-old children tend to describe
themselves concretely, using observable
descriptors, emotions and attitudes. Preschoolers
often use possessions to describe themselves.By age 7, self-concept becomes increasingly
abstract with trait-like psychological construct
descriptor (e.g. popular / smart)Between 3 to 5 years of age,selective prosocial
behaviour begins.Instrumental aggression typically appear at about
1 year of age, but increases until age 4, and is
considered an important step in development. By
age 4, young children have developed the self
control to express their desires with words.Young children are often overoptimistic when
considering their capacities, possibly due to little
social comparison and constant positive
feedback.Gender stability occurs. Consistently from age 3,
young children will tend to choose same-sex
playmate and toys / activities associated with
their sex.Gender identity occurs at age 2Gender constancy is achieved close to 8 years
of age. This is also when children start to recall
information that contradicts their gender
schemas.Social comparison increases in middle childhood,
affecting global and specific self-esteem.
Reflected appraisals shape self-concept and
self-esteem, and behaviour become more
congruent with self-concept.By middle childhood, self-concept focuses on
competencies and personality traits rather than
specific behaviours, including negative traits.
Additionally, self-concept differentiates. Brain
scans (temporal, parietal and frontal activation)
suggest that self-concept becomes more complex
and differentiated with age. (MPFC and TPJ)Adolescents identify with their ideal selves,
before eventual adjustment to actual self.
Situational inconsitencies in behaviour is
confusing to young adolescents' self-concept, and
ultimately causes more negative affect.In middle adolescence, awareness of situational
variability in behaviour becomes evident.Global self-esteem declines at
about 11 years of age.Global self-esteem reaches its lowest point
around 13 years of age before starting to rise.
Depression rates rise in early adolescence, and
self-harm behaviours tend to emerge around 13
years of age.Delinquency declines in late adolescence
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