Arabic Expansion - Timeline

Mu'awiya emphasized the latter, moved his capital to Damascus and began to reform the new empire's administration.

The massacre at Karbala and is still mourned annually by Shi'a Muslims.

Abd al-Malik spread his grandfather's administrative reforms across North Africa and Persia, made Arabic the common language, constructed mosques in all new lands, and perhaps most importantly, unified the coinage of the empire.

The Dome of the Rock was constructed in Jerusalem

The Umayyad Expansion into Europe was stopped in the west by Charles Martel and his Frankish forces at the Battle of Tours

The Abbasids brought down the Umayyads

A Persian-Arab coalition from Khorsan, seized power over Muslim lands

The Abbasids moved the capitalto Baghdad

Battle of Talas

Seljuq Turkmen who had gradually moved into Abbasid Territory, took control of Baghdad

First Crusade

Crusades Ended

Canon of Medicinde is written

The Shahnameh was published

The creativity that had flowed from Baghdad for four centuries came to a crashing halt

City of Cordoba is established

Construction began on the Great Mosque of Cordoba

Abd al-Rahman took advantage of religious conflinct in the Middle- East and named himself Caliph

The Umayyads were ultimately replaced

Al-Ma'mun Reigned