nov 1, 1891 - Turks in Europe

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1891 Various Turkish intellectuals, including persons in the military, are drawing inspiration from the West. In institutions of higher learning secret societies have formed. Exiles called Young Turks meet in Geneva to organize a nationalist movement against Sultan Hamid's rule. His repressions are failing.

1907 Jul 6 The Ottoman Empire has not been keeping up with Western Europe in education, technology and military might. Young Turks influenced by study abroad have formed an umbrella group called the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). With a significant portion of the army they overthrow the power of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, but they leave the sultan on his throne.

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