jan 1, 1918 - Concertaje became illegal in 1918 but persisted for at least another ten years. The debts of parents were inherited by their children; although this was outlawed from time to time, for example in 1833, the practice continued into the twentieth century (Oberem 1981: 315)

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The Inca term yanacona, denoting an indígena in personal service, had disappeared by the early 1600s, replaced by concierto (Sp.), which originally meant a contracted laborer then an indígena who had become indebted to an hacienda owner and lived and worked on the hacienda to pay off the debt. Although technically conciertos were not slaves, they were bought and sold with the property.

Wasipungu (Q. house door, the right of a male to farm a plot of land on an hacienda in return for heavy labor obligations) can be traced to the early colonial mita, although the term did not appear until the early nineteenth century (ibid.: 301). This practice resulted in a loss of status and land for women. According to pre-Hispanic custom, a woman inherited land and other property from her parents in her own right. Because of Spanish land-use practices, wasipungu plots were given to males; a widow had no right to remain on the land if her husband died unless her son became a wasipungero.

Lynn Meisch 2002, 27.

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